Night of Terror

Denise Cummens Greg Aamot English 122 3 March 2013 Allen W Taylor- The Night the Sirens Blew Everyone experiences at least one terrifying event in his or her lifetime. How we assimilate the event shapes our attitudes, or maybe vice-versa. It can become the catalyst that lead, to phobias; sometimes it even earns itself a fancy title with â€Å"syndrome† attached to the end of it. So many of us just call it a memory, but one can share with eight other people.People need to always remember that, tornadoes are not simply violent forces of nature; consequently, they are threats of weather that turns into tornadoes as, it forces change for those who live in its path of destruction. If we go and look back at that historical day through the readings of, â€Å"The Night the Sirens Blew. † We get the recap of the worse tornado outbreak in the Twin Cities, which was in 1965 and worse of six strong tornadoes that occurred around Minneapolis and St. Paul Minnesota on May 6, 1965. Th is was nicknamed â€Å"The Longest Night† and is the most often remembered for the two F4 tornadoes that hit Fridley, Minnesota.Where thirteen people were killed in the six tornadoes that touched down in the Twin Cities area on that historical day. People that lived through that day recall what happened to the author, first it was famous WCCO radio personality Dick â€Å"Chappy† Chapman, who was the main broadcaster the night of the outbreak. He remembers that night began shortly after 6p. m when the first funnel cloud was spotted neat Norwood Young America, just west of the Twin Cities. Chappy, recalls that was the beginning of a long night and he left the microphone on until 1a. m the next morning.Chappy recalls his conversation with Joe Strub from the Weather Bureau. Joe was an outstanding guy who really knew a lot about storms. At the time of the historical outbreak, he was working on tornado research and found that these storms would â€Å"pulse†. In anothe r words, the storm would build-drop-build-drop. This is how he explained this storm was so massive that is literally â€Å"chewed† up debris and flung it all over the place. Joe also recalls being a pioneer in lobbying for safer trailer park tornado prevention measures. He wanted â€Å"cement tie-downs† and reinforced storm shelters in every trailer park.The many people that Allen Taylor talked to about this historical day, also talked about the things that lead up to this massive night of tornadoes, like the St. Patrick’s day blizzard aftermath of March 17, 1965 and many bad flooding and so we were used to all the interruption in the news due to all the bad weather, until the night of the tornadoes. So after all the blizzards and flooding the Weather Bureau hooked in a â€Å"tie-line† between WCCO and their offices, so when bad weather hit all they had to do is pick up the phone and report right then and there.All the people that talked to Allen about th e night the sirens blew all recall the many tornadoes that swept across the Western and Northern portions of the 7 county regions and that they ranged from F2 to F4, which killed thirteen people and injured 683 people. If it was not for the National Weather Bureau, local officials, and the outstanding communications by local radio and television stations. Most of the credit needed to go to the annoucers of WCCO with saving countless lives. It was also the first time in twin Cities history that civil defense sirens were used for severe weather.The Weather Bureau said â€Å"we didn’t hesitate a bit† to sound the sirens. It was the first time that the air raid alarm was used as a tornado warning since the system was instituted in May of 1959. So with all the things that happened on that night and it is not hard to believe that everyone will experience at least one terrifying event in his or her lifetime. How we assimilate the event shapes our attitudes, or maybe vice-vers a. It can become catalyst that lead, to phobias, and sometimes it even earns itself as just a memory to recall sharing with others.So the author who recalls, the events in our childhood shape our world and our perceptions. He says even though he was only five when this historical night took place he can recall the colored lighting and the once-in-a-generation power associated with these storms left an impact on him and all the people who lived through that night. The two main reasons he said he wrote this book, was because he has always been interested in storms and wanted to recall that night, and he had a great joy of being able to talk with the people who lived through those tornadoes that night.Those tornadoes wiped everything out! In today’s dollar the damage was 1. 2 billion dollars, making it the swarm of tornadoes and one of the costliest outbreaks in US history. That night was the main storm surges which spawned 24 tornadoes in one evening. It is his hope by reading this book you feel the emotions of the people who survived that night. Allen hope is that you enjoy the most researched documented book ever written on the worst tornado out break ever to hit the Twin Cities.

Death of a family member Essay

In this chapter on Crisis in Family, the death of one’s child, parent, or suicide of a close family member can cause a devastating crisis within a marriage. Mothers and fathers relate to death in different ways, which causes conflict within the marriage. Depending on the circumstances of the death, one spouse may accuse the other of not sharing in the grief, or blaming the other for the death of the child. In dealing with your partner patience should be implemented, thus allowing the other person to grieve in their own way. Most people expect that they will eventually lose a parent, however the death of a child is not foreseen. Death of a parent can cause crisis before the parent passes if they have been terminally ill. By the time the parent dies the emotional strain, and stress from the illness may have been so draining that the crisis has already occurred. The loss of a parent can cause one to feel anger, depression, and lack of concentration. A study done on college students found that their constant reminiscing about the death of a parent or close loved one caused them to have a lower sense of psychological well-being. Whether it is the death of a parent or child, grief is not a one-time experience that people go through and move on. For some it is a chronic sorrow where grief related feelings occur periodically throughout the rest of their lives. When you think of the way things may have been if a loved one was still here, along with on the anniversary of their passing feelings of grief become more severe. A study done by Burke in 1999 showed that after 2 to 20 years 97 percent of people who lost a loved one still showed signs of chronic sorrow. In dealing with suicide of a family member, annually there are 31,000 suicides and (75,000) attempts. Each suicide is said to immediately affect 6 other people in the person’s life. These affects range from physical disorders like shingles (due to stress), depression (grief), and social stigma (the  person is viewed as weak and the family as a failure in not being able to help the prior emotions and feelings of the family member). It has further been stated that family members that witnessed the suicide of a family member described this as the worst day of their lives. The people who are most vulnerable to suicide are: 15 to 19 years old, homosexual, or male, family history of suicide or mood disorder, substance abuse or past history of child abuse and parental sex abuse. Therapist view suicide as a permanent solution to a temporary problem. Family members often think they could have done something to prevent the suicide. However Therapist have stated that if a person wants to end their life they will and you can’t control it. Support groups can be an effective coping mechanisms, realizing that you can’t stop a person who is adamant about taking his or her own life. This section of the chapter dealing with death of a family member holds near and dear to my heart. Due to the recent passing of my dad, I was able to relate to so many of the emotions expressed in this chapter. After being diagnosed with Chronic Heart disease and extensive open heart surgery, I watched my dad’s downward spiral for 7 months. I witnessed the hope that my mom had even when the doctors displayed hopelessness. It was difficult for me witnessing my dad’s decline on a daily bases, however for my siblings it was equally as difficult, because they wanted to be here but were not able to due to their own family and job obligations in other states. In addition to the experiences that have been recorded in this chapter, I would like to add a few personal experiences that we endured. My dad was the eldest of 12, and we were a close knit family. However during my dad’s illness, his desire to see his siblings and other members of the family decreased. This brought about feelings of anger for them, and much of it directed against our immediate family. I noticed that sometimes family are more concerned about their feelings than those that are suffering from the illness. Even though my dad has been gone for nearly a year it still seems very current. There is not a day that passes that I don’t think of him in some capacity. I have moments of sorrow, I have also felt moments of despair when someone else talks about their dad. There were time in church where I would just begin to cry because the song reminded me of him. I also am reminded every Sunday of the chair that he occupied when he was there. My mom and I have struggled with parting with my dad’s belongings. She has several vehicles, and does  not need them all, however we want to keep them, because they belonged to my dad even though it is not the practical thing to do. We have done quite a few things to help cope with the loss of my dad. We have had a memorial service on father’s day where we had a butterfly release ceremony. Now every time we see a butterfly it reminds us that he is not far. I also have a picture of him by my bed, on my dresser and on the refrigerator. Just these small reminders help us to cope with my dad no longer being with us on this time side of life. My mom stays really busy, with bowling, working, and church activities. She said that staying busy keeps her mind off of my dad not being with her. It has been a great adjustment, because after 52 years of marriage and sharing everything that you do, the single life, not by choice is a stressor all by itself. Whenever I feel weary about my dad’s passing, I think of those last days and how his body had suffered so much from his illness. I would never want to be so selfish as to want him to stay here and not have the quality of life that he deserved to have. I believe that our greatest coping mechanism is the assurance that we will meet my dad in another place, not on this time side of life.

Policy paper on current international problem Essay

Policy paper on current international problem - Essay Example The Palestinian community has also recently been fractured by the Fatah/Hamas split, adding a new and potentially explosive dynamic to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Despite decades of attempts at resolving this conflict, we are at an impasse and without a resolution in sight. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict remains one of the most enduring and complex disputes of modern times. Although many believe that current fighting began with the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, historian Benny Morris traces the origin of this conflict to early Jewish settlement in the Ottoman region of Filastin (modern day Israel/Palestine) as early as 1881 – 67 years before the state of Israel was created. As such, he describes the conflict as a Zionist-Arab dispute and not solely as a problem between modern day Israelis and Palestinians (Morris, 2001). The origins of the dispute between Israelis and Palestinians are important today because two key issues between the warring parties remain largely unchanged since the late ninetieth century. For more than one hundred years these two fundamental issues have driven, contributed to, and exacerbated the protracted nature of this conflict. The first major issue is territorial and the question of land. At its very core, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a conflict over land; a tiny sliver of land, semi arid and dry, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and roughly the size of New Jersey (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008). The second major issue is the juxtaposition of Israeli and Palestinian identities; competing nationalisms which were at odds decades before the establishment of the modern state of Israel. It is these two core issues, disputed land and competing nationalisms, which are fundamental to the conflict and which must be tackled with vigor if one seeks to resolve the crisis. Historically speaking, few places on earth share the religious importance of present-day

The Classic Style in Mississippi and Innocents Abroad Essay - 1

The Classic Style in Mississippi and Innocents Abroad - Essay Example Classic style is the preferred style since it makes people earn frequently than the school style. Writers in Mississippi and innocents abroad practice the classic style in their articles. For instance, Mark Twain is one of the writers abroad that employ this type of writing. Comparably, classic style employs equity between the writer and audience. The writer is equal to the task and delivers as if he is part of theaudience. In school style, the writer and the audience are never equal (Loewe par. 4). The writer is to perform a task as a duty but not out of interest and willingness to do so. For instance, it is a rule to fill the required number of pages while writing in school type. Classic style therefore enables the writer to take part in facilitating a character trait in a piece of work. Mark Twain in his book describes himself from page to page and the readers fill like taking part in his life. The readers are able to share the understanding that the writer has over an article for the sole purpose of lucidity, confidence, and wish. It is also clear that use of classic style involves more fun since it is done out interest but not writing to fulfill a task given. Mark Twain shares his views of Mississipiriver in a hilarious way that one cannot imagine to hate the book ( Loewe par. 6). Effectively, the readers who pin point the weaknesses determine performance of the writer. A person writes what he can only read and avoids what he cannot read and understand to enhance his clarity and relevance. There is nothing regrettable that is, not a magic bullet in classic writing. A person is able to revise his work and identifies the mistakes, he also finds out the topic discussed to maintain the relevance of the article. Loewe (par. 5) opines that classic writing does not subject the writers to skim over the topic simply because of clarity but warrants a chance to observe effective communication skills to deliver to different audience. The writer becomes the primary sou rce of information hence trust and reliability remains the main pillars of a credible writer.In conclusion, it is therefore clear that people living along Mississippi river and abroad use classic style to write their articles.

Chinese Trade Profile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese Trade Profile - Research Paper Example China is essentially the globe’s second-largest trading country after the United States of America. Statistics has it that she is the world’s leading exporter and comes second regarding imports. Between the years 2009 and 2011, the GDP ratio of China was about 53.1%, whereas her per capita was about $2,413 (Mion & Linke p 208). The output growth of China reached the highest value at 10.4% in 2010 for the period between 2009 and 2013 as shown in figure 2. Today, many countries all over the world prefer China to be their most vital bilateral trading partner. By 2011, China had become the largest exporter and importer by trading with 32 and 34 nations respectively (Mion & Linke p 208). The total value of Chinese exports is estimated to be $2.05 trillion.Her principal or primary export commodities include electrical and other machinery. These include data processing equipment, radio, telephone handsets, apparel and integrated circuits.  Ã‚  Export Markets Her major export second-large stong Kong, the US, Japan, Germany and South Korea. The US trades with 17.2% of the total exports (Mion & Linke p 208). Hong Kong has a statistic of 15.8% as Japan trades with 7.4% of the exports. China exports 4.3% and 3.4% of her goods to South Korea and Germany. The rest goes to other parts of the world like Africa. China exports were highest in the year 2010 for the period between 2009 and 2012 as shown in figure 2. The total value of Chinese leading import goods is $1.817 trillion.

President Barack Obama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

President Barack Obama - Research Paper Example Obama achieved national attention during his time as a senator. Encouraged by his popularity and determination to excel, Obama ran for the Democratic Presidential Candidacy for the 2008 presidential election and won the party nomination beating Hilary Rodham Clinton. He went on to win the presidential election and sworn in as president on 20th January, 2009. Later in the year Obama also achieved the honor of being the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate of 2009 (Gormley). As a patriot and loyalist countryman, Obama had a very lucid vision about his country which he wanted his fellow countrymen to adopt; the vision of unity, accord and common good (Price). In his address to the Democratic National Convention in 2004 he said: There’s not a liberal America or a conservative America, there’s United States of America. There’s not a Black America and White America and Latino America and Asian America, there’s United States of America. We are one people, all of us pledgin g allegiance to the Stars and Stripes, all of us defending the United States of America. Obama had to face a lot of challenges soon after assuming the office of the President of the United States most significant of which were the dwindling economy and effectual exit from the war in Afghanistan and Iraq. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform, Consumer Protection Act and the Budget Control Act are some of the most important legislative measures taken by the Obama administration which are being deemed as very effective and successful for solving issues related to worsening economic conditions and social welfare. Obama achieved remarkable success in foreign policy in the form of the death of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after a successful military operation in a mountain town in Pakistan, the ouster of undemocratic and tyrant government of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya and the success of strategic exit of forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, the process which is still underway. Gaining confidence from the success of his domestic and foreign policies, Obama declared his intensions for re-election in the 2012 Presidential Elections (Horn). Obama was born in Hawaii to parents of ethnically diverse descent; his father was an African from Kenya while his mother was of Irish descent. Obama had to struggle to understand his multiracial origin during his childhood. To further complicate things, after getting divorced his mother remarried an Indonesian student and had to move to Indonesia when Suharto, a military leader of Indonesia called back all Indonesian students from foreign universities, that is why Obama spent his early childhood in Indonesia and owing to this he is very popular in Indonesia. Obama came back to US and started living with his maternal grandparents in Hawaii where he attended high school. Being brought up in a multiracial culture was not very easy for Obama to understand as a child because multiracial background was not very common in the US at that time however it helped him having an expansive vision he practiced in his political life and enabled him to develop the quality of understanding the aspirations of people from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds (Hill). Being an African American

Russian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russian Revolution - Essay Example The decision to end the demonstrations by resignation of the Tsar’s was made by the Duma, which was the Russian legislature from 1905 to 1917. The reason why the Duma requested for Tsar’s resignation is because they wanted his son to take over power and rule. The October Revolution of November 1917 took place in St Petersburg. Workers’ Soviets and the Bolshevik Party planned a coup to overthrow the Provisional Government in St Petersburg. The main aim of the October revolution was to seize power from the Provisional Government and replace the monarchy rule and make Russia a communist state. After the Bolshevik and the Vladimir Lenin  took over power in the October Revolution, they allowed for elections to be conducted, but they later on changed their minds after they got less than twenty five percent votes in the elections. The collapse of the Russian monarchy government and the Provisional Government made the government to be perceived as weak and incompetent. During the February Revolution the military was summoned, but contrary to the expectations by the Tsar, the military refused to follow the orders and instead ended up fighting the police.1 World War 1 was a major factor that led to the Russian revolution in 1917.Due to the war, there was a high increase in the number of soldiers that were needed to go and join the war. Young men and horses that were used in the farms were taken leading to the decrease in the number of outputs in the forums. Due to this, the standard of living was damaged and the peasants were not happy about the decision Tsar had made to join the war. Productive farms in Russia found most of their labourers taken out to join the war. Moreover, inflation occurred and most of the peasants could not afford to buy expensive goods. Workers in the cities could not get good jobs that could give them a better pay. When these workers tried to agitate for better pay, they were

Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Software Design - Essay Example is the procedure by which a developer creates a specification of a software objects, anticipated to accomplish objectives, using a set of available components and theme to constraints (Budgen 2003). The Design recognizes the how of the system. It comprises tradeoff analysis based on system requirements. Design quality concerns attributes applicable to ensure sustainability of the system. The attributes analyzed in this paper are concerned with the sustainability of the design. Quality features are similarly applicable to function-based and object-based designs (Rosenblatt 2014). The attributes includes cohesion, adaptability, coupling, understandability and traceability. Cohesion is an assessment of how adequately a component interface within the system. A component should execute a single consistent entity or utility. This attribute is a desirable design constituent attribute as when an alteration has to be completed. It is restricted in a distinct cohesive component. There are a number of levels of cohesion that have been identified; though, not necessary for this paper. This design attributes is not well illustrated (Page-Jones 1999). Experts have encountered a challenge in classifying this attribute as a design component. Inheriting attributes within the design component from super classes makes cohesion as a design attribute weak. In system design, component can be understood when the super-classes also the component are examined. Coupling is a measure of stability or strength of inter-connection among systems components. When it is loosely done then, the component alterations are unlikely to affect other components. Control information or shared variables exchange lead to tight coupling. Loose coupling is achievable when state decentralization (as in objects) is executed and component interfacing through parameters or message passing (Tsui et al. 2014). Coupling allows for inheritance of classes thus facilitate ease of usage as a design attribute in

Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public - Essay Example According to Taylor scientific management as a set of techniques means that employers had to enforce scientific techniques on the workers when it came to their performance, selecting and training them in their tasks and even when planning the work each employee will perform. The philosophy part of scientific management is the belief held by managers that by enforcing the scientific methods to the employees, they will produce more, they will follow the instructions and tasks they have been given and in the end will be motivated enough to perform the tasks smoothly. The above matters because having the set techniques on how to perform the tasks in the workplace alone without having a belief that it will be possible to enforce these methods and tasks will not lead to production of results. The belief system acts as an assertion technique for the managers to ensure that they push their employees to work in order to produce results and benefit both the employees and the employer. Not all managers can enforce the tasks to their employees without having a set system and methodology plan that they should follow. This is therefore the reason why Taylor insists in his scientific management theory about having a set of techniques which act as a guideline for enforcement of tasks. Taylor argued that employees wanted the job in order to earn wages to sustain themselves and they therefore provided the required labor as they earned according to the amount of labor provided. The employers whose interest was to increase profits were able to do so by increasing the labor provided by the employees. The employees therefore provided cheap labor due to their desperation for work and the employers benefitted from this by having more production at less labor costs hence having a harmonized system. This should not be the case as the employees’ labor was being exploited to enrich the greedy and selfish employers. The employers took advantage of the fact that these employers who were

Energy Drinks Market Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Market Essay Introduction The objectives of this report are to identify how the Energy Drink market is segmented according to demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. The Energy Drink industry which is dominated by Red Bull and V energy drinks is worth 151 million dollars and is growing by 47% per year. Energy drinks is the fastest growing category in the soft drink market. I have chosen three different companies in this report to analysis which segments they target, Powerade, Red Bull and Coca Cola. Red Bull is the market leader in energy drinks and Coca Cola which is very good at mass marketing has fallen behind and needs to adopt new and exciting marketing techniques to appeal to the younger demographic. I have also selected three different sub-brands to explain how the product is positioned. I have chosen Powerade Energy Edge, Red Bull Sugar Free and Coca Cola’s new carbonated green tea drink Enviga. Demographic Demographic segmentation consists of certain variables such as age, gender, income, ethnic background and family life cycle. Energy drinks are targeted to the 20-34 age brackets. Energy drinks target generation y and generation x by using modern labels and exciting ads with dance music, and extreme sports. The older generations such a baby boomer would be more inclined to stick with coffee for a quick pick me up. There is more emphasis on marketing to males but lately there has been an increased interest in marketing to females by producing low calorie, low sugar energy drinks. Income of the consumer is not an important characteristic because of the low price of energy drinks. Geographic Geographic segmentation describes segmenting markets by part of the world, region of the country, market density, market size or climate. Energy drinks practice geographic segmentation by advertising higher in more fast paced, high density urban areas rather than sleep country town. This has to do with the hectic lifestyles most people live that work in high density, big cities. Another contributing factor is the higher population. Also energy drinks would geographic segment a product in countries or regions with higher temperatures because energy drinks are best drunk cold so in colder climates people would tend to purchase a hot drink such as a coffee for a caffeine induced energy burst. Psychographic Psychographic segmentation refers to market segmentation on the basis of socioeconomic status, values, attitudes and lifestyle groupings. Social class does not matter when it comes to energy drinks because any one can purchase a can from the local shop or petrol station at a reasonably cheap price. People’s interest in energy drinks is sometimes affected by their lifestyle. For example people who work long hours, work hard, don’t sleep enough will be more inclined to purchase energy drinks because of the practicality and energy buzz afterwards. And now even energy drinks are targeting people who try to live a healthy lifestyle by promoting their products as low calorie, low sugar and claim they increase your metabolism. Behavioral variables Behavioral segmentation allows companies to group customers and buyers into segments according to the benefits they seek from the product. Occasion status is when customers can be grouped according to the occasion when they get the idea to purchase an energy drink. Energy drinks are often consumed before work and any other part of the day when an individual is feeling tired, but energy drink companies are now promoting the beverage as a good pre exercise drink for an increased physical performance. Benefits sought are an effective way of identifying buyers according to the benefits they seek from energy drinks. The main benefit segments for energy drinks are, taste, economic, health and the energy burst. Some people might prefer to purchase a product that claims to give more of an energy burst then another product, even if the taste is less desirable. Some products that are produced and marketed to have fewer calories and less sugar might be purchased instead of a product that is high in sugar even though it is more expensive. Red Bull/ Powerade/ Coca Cola Red Bull Red Bull targets generation y. High School and university students trying to cope with study. Also red bull mainly targets male with its original product, On the Red bull website there is two whole sections that specialize in extreme sports and motorsports. This shows that Red bull targets males in generation Y and also in generation X. Red Bull sponsor extreme sporting events such as air racing. Also Red Bull targets segments of the population that have little time and often need a refreshing drink that gives them energy. Red Bull also caters for the health conscience individual and females by producing a low sugar energy drink. This drink which is called Red Bull sugar free comes in a light blue can that would target the female population. Red Bull also target long distance driver, this can be seen when you walk into any petrol station by the size and amount of advertising. Powerade. Powerade have four different kinds of products, they have Powerade Energy Edge, which is designed for pre-sports, Powerade Isotonic which is best for during sports or any time during the day, Powerade Recovery which is formulated for after sports because of the protein contained in the beverage. Powerade also make a powder that can be made into a Powerade sports drink after water is added. This powder targets the money conscience individual that would rather make it in bulk to save. It also targets sporting clubs and larger groups who can make a big batch for a team or group of some sort. The logo on each of the three drinks also gives the customer hints to what it’s designed for. Powerade energy has a picture of a athlete about to race, Powerade isotonic has a picture of an athlete during a race and Powerade recovery has a picture of an athlete finishing his race. Powerade mainly target generation y and generation x. The company does not target a specific gender but markets to health conscience people and athletes. This is shown by their advertising and sponsoring of sporting associations, and clubs such as the AFL, The Wallabies, and The Perth Wildcats. Powerade also sponsor world class athletes. Powerade are different from other energy drinks because they do not market so much that the consumer will get a quick burst of energy through caffeine but more of a healthier, burst of energy through high carbohydrate drinks. This is more suited to athletes rather than your average tired person. Powerade also take a much more scientific approach compared to the other energy drinks on the market by claiming to have tested their products on athletes. Coca Cola. Coca Cola is spending a lot of money on marketing a couple new energy drinks to try and break into the massive industry of energy drinks which has long been dominated by Red Bull and V. Coca Cola has emphasized on targeting the young healthy demographic. The first of its products is Mother, an all natural juice based energy drink, which claims to contain a potent Amazonian berry , acai. Another new product by Coca Cola is Enviga, this carbonated green tea beverage claims to burn calories after drinking. Coca Cola have produced two drinks to market to two different segments of the population, Mother which has been marketed to young males and Enviga which is made to appeal to young women. Mother Energy drink is positioned to target young males, an example of this is the logo on the front of the can resembles a tattoo. Products/ Sub-brands Powerade Energy Edge Powerade energy edge is specially formulated to provide fast and effective hydration for pre-sports and they claim it has been scientifically proven. The products attribute which are ingredients that contain caffeine, electrolytes, and B-vitamins position the product to appeal to athletes. It is positioned to be used whenever a person need fast and effect hydration or more predominantly before sports. Its benefits claim to be enhanced physical performance. Powerade’s main competitor Gatorade does not produce a drink specifically designed for pre-sports because of the added caffeine. Red Bull Sugar Free Red Bull Sugar Free is positioned to target young adults and largely women because of the advertised low calorie low sugar attributes of the product. The can of the sugar free variety is different from the standard Red Bull as it comes in an aqua blue can, this would suggest that the product is positioned to be more attractive to females. The benefits of this product are claimed to be increased performance, reaction and speed; improves emotional status, increased metabolism and low calories. Coca Cola’s Enviga Coca Cola’s Enviga is a carbonated green tea beverage that claims to increase your metabolism and burn calories because of the presence of green tea and caffeine. The main attributes of this product are green tea and its low calories (five per can). They claim the amount of green tea in their can is higher than most other green tea drink and they list the benefits of green tea as rich in antioxidants, support cardio-vascular health, help your body fight free radicals and helps your body burn more calories. These attributes position this product to aim at young women who want to be healthy and even the health conscience male. The usage occasions for Enviga are anytime throughout the day but they recommend having three cans a day for maximum calorie burning. The drinks come in three flavours natural green tea, berry and pomegranate, and each can has bright colours on the front which further suggests the drink is positioned for women. Reference 1. Kotler, P. , S. Adam, L. Brown, and G Armstrong. 2006. Principles of Marketing. NSW: Pearson Education Australia. 2. Red Bull. 2008. http://www. redbull. com (accessed September 1, 2008). 3. Powerade. 2008. http://www. powerade. com. au (accessed September 1, 2008). 4. Enviga. 2008. http://www. enviga. com (accessed September 1, 2008). 5. Coca Cola. 2008. http://www. coca-cola. com (accessed September 1, 2008).

Role and Impact of Micro Finance Institutions

Role and Impact of Micro Finance Institutions INTRODUCTION The strong economic growth is bound to create employment opportunities and therefore it will reduce unemployment. The evidence provided by the Labor Force Survey 2005 (First two quarters) clearly supports the fact that economic growth has created employment opportunities. Since 2003-04 and until the last half of 2005-06, 5.82 million new jobs have been created as against an average job creation of 1.0-1.2 million per annum. Consequently, unemployment rate which stood at 8.3 percent in 2001-2002 declined to 7.7 percent in 2003-04 and stood at 6.5 percent during July-December 2005.The rising pace of job creation is bound to increase the income levels of the people. Agriculture, housing and construction, IT and telecom sector, and SME are the sectors, which have created relatively more jobs. The estimation of poverty line enables the policy makers to further identify and group the population into various poverty bands such as extremely poor, vulnerable and non-poor etc. The current growth rates however need to be strengthened to arrest the current growth in poverty levels. Macro stabilization, governance reforms and re-profiling of external debt stock have created prospects for growth in future. The government has indicated its willingness to speed up the pace of structural reforms to meet the major challenges of: Reducing poverty, Improving governance and administration, Improving the fiscal and balance of payments positions, Restoring investor confidence, Achieving higher growth on a sustainable basis, and Improving social indicators. 1.1 MICROFINANCE SECTOR Microfinance in Pakistan is relatively a new concept as compared to other countries in the region. The NGOs and Rural Support Programs has been the major player in the sector since early 1980s covering about 5% of more than 6.5 million poor households in the country. Recognizing microfinance as an important poverty alleviation tool, the Federal Government has adopted a microfinance policy that mainstreams the concept of sustainable microfinance, recognizes the private sectors role in poverty reduction and encourages its entry into banking with the poor. It has enacted a legal framework, the MFIs (Micro Financing Intermediaries) Ordinance 2001, for establishing Microfinance Banks in private sector and also facilitated establishment of Khushhali Bank, a public private partnership, with twin objective of substantially increasing outreach of microfinance services in the medium term and giving a model institution to the private sector to follow. The MFIs Ordinance 2001 inter alia stipulates the functions, capital requirements, ownership structure, terms and conditions for establishing Microfinance Banks/Institutions in the country, audit and disclosure requirements and winding up procedures. The provisions of the ordinance are applicable on microfinance institutions mobilizing savings from public to finance their operations. The operations of NGOs and other programs providing micro credit and allied services through sources other than public deposits/savings are not covered under the ordinance. The framework allows establishment of three categories of formal microfinance banks in the country via: Nation wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.500 million Province wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.250 million and District wide MFBs minimum paid-up capital of Rs.100 million 1.2 EVOLUTION OF MICROFINANCE IN PAKISTAN The microfinance movement in Pakistan followed a unique evolutionary path over the last decades. The proceeding paragraphs present the three development phases of the sector. Each phase represents entry of new institutional forms and structures in the Pakistani microfinance sector. Some of the highlights of this 30 year old history are as follow: Phase-1: 1970s, Government directed credit. The use of finance (mostly credit) as a development tool has a history in Pakistan in the form of government directed/subsidized credit schemes particularly in rural areas. In recent years Small Business Finance Corporation (SBFC), Youth Investment Promotion Society (YIPS), Self Employment Scheme (SES) and Yellow Cab Scheme are typical examples. While SBFC and YIPS represent a direct institutional intervention through use of public funds and institutional structures, SES and Yellow Cab schemes represent indirect government pressures on financial institutions, both public and private; to engage in politically motivated directed credit. In the last two initiatives, the government literally forced commercial financial institutions (mostly public sector) to provide concessionary financing especially to unemployed youth and business start-ups. The loan defaults associated with these schemes affecting the financial institutions profitability has been extensively reported in the popular press. Phase 2: early 1980s to mid 1990s philanthropy of finance. The emergence of the Pakistani microfinance sector is usually traced to two pioneering development institutions The Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP). The early pioneers was established in 1982 by the Aga Khan Foundation (http:// www.akdn.org/), AKRSP was the first Integrated Rural Development Program of its kind, outside the government domain. It has focused its development interventions on the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The later day Rural Support Programs (RSPs), initiated by the government, were inspired by the AKRSP model of rural development. The first large scale practical implementation and conceptualization of development frameworks such as social mobilization and group lending methodology can be traced to AKRSPs microfinance model initiated in 1982. While AKRSP pioneered development service provision in the rural, agrarian frontiers of north Pakistan, OPP took up the challenge of tackling urban poverty in the biggest slum settlement in Pakistans port city and commercial capital Karachi. OPP was established by Akhtar Hameed Khan, considered to be the father of rural development in Pakistan. OPP was established in 1987 and its development services include housing, sanitation and education. The RSP model, AKRSP formulated and implemented integrated development approach whereby rural population was organized into Village Organizations (VOs) and the needs prioritized by these community organizations were provided for through a broad range of development services such as education, health, sanitation as well as financial services (microfinance). AKRSP endeavored to develop human, social and financial capital of the communities it worked with. This integrated approach was replicated by government initiated development organizations called Rural Support Programs (RSPs). By 2004, RSPs were working with more than 43,000 community organizations comprising of more than 1,000,000 households. Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) was the first RSP to be established in 1989 as a replication of AKRSP model in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. In the same year a Pak German development project was restructured as an RSP and renamed as Balochistan Rural Support Program (BRSP). Later on Punjab Rural Support Program (PRSP) was also launched by the Government of the Punjab province. The establishment of National Rural Support Program (NRSP) (www.nrsp.org.pk) in 1992 has a special significance. While SRSP and BRSP had provincial focus, NRSP was meant to be the largest national RSP with development interventions including a very ambitious microfinance program all over Pakistan. The rural focused microfinance operations of NRSP have expanded into urban areas as well under its Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (UPAP). With the above mentioned perspective, the microfinance strategy during the early 1990s has certain common elements; the word micro credit was used instead of microfinance symbolizing provision of only loans (and compulsory savings) as a social service equivalent to other development needs such as education, health, sanitation etc. Microfinance best practices as we know them today were still in their formative stages and had not crystallized into a coherent set of principles and frameworks even at the international level. Phase-3: late 1990s till the present entry of the specialist MFI. The later part of 1990s saw the entry of regulated financial institutions such as commercial banks and leasing companies in the microfinance arena. Mostly urban based microfinance only programs also came up in major cities of Pakistan. Regulatory structures started taking shape, spawning a new microfinance institutional structure The Microfinance Bank (MFB). 1.3 VIABILITY OF PROPOSED MICROFINANCING BANK (MFB) IN THE COUNTRY In the light of the above scenario the establishment of the proposed micro financing bank (MFB) in the country raises many doubts about its effectiveness to reduce poverty, sustainability to survive in the long run, and opportunity cost of resources diverted from other potential projects towards the MFB. The banking sector in the country has a long history of poor targeting and high default rate in the economy. The past experience of cooperative societies in the country is also that of a disaster. Million of rupees were lost in these schemes on the name of credit. Mainly their borrowers as well as defaulters are from the high-income group and influentials in the society. An evaluation of the pilot project for micro financing of the National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) for the future establishment of the proposed MFC is also not very encouraging. The bank does not have any mechanism to identify the poor regions and poorest in the country to provide micro credit. There are no poverty profiles that can indicate, which regions are the poorest and which villages or localities are severely impoverished in different provinces of the country. Therefore, the loans are mainly provided on the basis of subjective criteria which increase the chances of poor targeting of the scheme. Similarly, the bank does not have the experience, culture and environment for providing microcredit to poor in the country. The procedure for credit and collateral requirements of the bank is so complicated that it not only excludes the poorest from the scheme but it also increases the chances of leakage in the scheme. In fact, during a field visit by the author in one of the pilot project areas in Sindh, it was observed that the bank borrowers are paying extra charges/commission for receiving the inputs from the bank recommended dealers. Ironically, there is neither women staff nor woman borrowers in the pilot project area of NBP, whereas one major objective of the program is the empowerment of women through micro financing and women should be 33% among the borrowers. Other major NGOs providing micro financing in the country are Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP), National Rural Support Program (NRSP), Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP), Orangi Pilot Project (OPP), SUNGI Development Foundations, Kashf Foundation (Kashf), Sindh Agricultural Forestry Workers Cooperative Organization (SAWFCO), Thardeep Rural Development Program (TRDP). Moreover some international donor agencies like OXFAM and Save the Children Fund (SCF) also provide providing microfinance through intermediary NGOs in different parts of the country (www.spdc.com.pk) 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT Studies illustrated that poverty exerts a significant impact on education, health status, savings and the real GDP. For example; the evidence on reducing vulnerability however, is somewhat clearer. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); H0 : Micro financing has not reduced the poverty. H1 : Micro financing has reduced the poverty. This hypothesis suggests that as micro financing affects poverty in a positive manner, as a result, education, health status, saving and real GDP of the household has a positive relationship with the micro financing. The existing evidence on the impact of micro credit on poverty is not clear-cut. There is a work that suggests that access to credit has the potential to significantly reduce poverty. (Khandker, 1998); On the other hand, there is also a research which argues that micro credit has minimal impact on poverty reduction, (Morduch, 1998); Being a finance student the motivation was previous research which was very broad but not specific to the chosen statement. A broader perspective was present but the absence of narrower contexts compelled me to undertake this research. The study has many aims. The main purpose was to address the problem of poverty and apply it to the national scenario. Efforts are directed to utilize and process all available data, avoid bias and error, and generate important results. 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The specific objectives for the study are outlined as follow: 1. To assess the role and impact of micro-finance institutions on the livelihood of poor. 2. To assess factors that hinders the rural poor from participating in Micro finance Institutions 3. To draw conclusion and give some policy recommendations for the successful implementation and development of micro financing programs. Rest of the project is organized as follows. In chapter two we have provided literature review, in chapter three we have defined data and methodology, in chapter four the results have been explained and in chapter five we have concluded the project with some recommendations. CHAPTER NO.2 LITERATURE REVIEW In the past few years there is an increase in research in the area of Micro Financing. Micro finance or micro credit, by providing small loans and saving facilities to those who are excluded from commercial financial services has been promoted as a key strategy for reduction or combating poverty. Access to these facilities is seen as away of providing the client that are economically active with opportunities for self reliance through entrepreneurship, cushioning them against economic shocks, and providing a mean of social empowerment for poor women and men in their communities. Yet although microfinance programs are often driven by a moral imperative to alleviate poverty, the extent to which they are able to reach the poor with their services and likely economic and social impacts continue to be issues of debate. Binswanger and Landell-Mills (1995) states that constraints in relation to suppliers.i.e. Private Banks excludes the poor because small transactions are unprofitable. Providing financial services to the poor and women is not easy. Many borrowers are not credit worthy and dont have profitable projectors. Thus, that the need for micro financing is an undeniable fact. According to Yanor, Benjamin and Pipren (1997), the issue that should be raised in this context is the importance of the informal sector in LDCs economy and its constraint to develop by lack of credit. On top of that, Salad vine and checkering (1991) confirmed this fact by noting that, the informal sector which contributed about 35% to 65% and 20% to 40% to employment and GDP in most LDCs respectively, is constrained by lack of credit. The provision of micro credit has been found to strengthen crises coping mechanisms, diversify income earning sources, build assets and improve the status of women (Hashemi et al, 1996); Coleman (1999),in his study of a village-banking program in Thailand, advances the literature by expanding on this concept to control for self-selection biases and introduces both observable village characteristics and village fixed effects to control for program placement bias. Utilizing data on 455 households, including participating and non-participating households in treatment villages where a village bank is already offering micro credit, and selected future participants and non-participants in control villages that have been identified to receive a village bank program but have not yet actually received funds, Coleman uses a difference-in-difference approach that compares the difference between income for participants and non-participants in program villages with the same difference in the control villages, where the programs were introduced later. Zaman (1999); explored the relationship between micro credit and the reduction of poverty and vulnerability by focusing on BRAC, one of the largest micro credit providers in Bangladesh. He concluded that micro credit contributes to mitigating a number of factors that contribute to vulnerability, whereas the impact on income poverty is a function of borrowing beyond a certain loan threshold and to a certain extent contingent on how poor the household is to start with. His empirical analysis also suggested that micro credit has the greatest on female control over assets and also on her knowledge of social issues controlling for a host of other characteristics. The Need For Micro-Financing According to Khandker (1998), the alleviation of poverty requires diverse measures. The most important being those, which expand the income and employment opportunities of the poor, enabling them to enhance their living standards providing the poor with access to financial services is one of the many ways to increase their income and productivity. Micro financing programs are developed to fill this gap. The rural poor in LDCs are in desperate needs of credits, microfinance programs are supposed to make available this credit needs and keep the poor to increase their living standard. Lack of saving and capital make it difficult for many poor people who want jobs in the formal and informal sectors to become self employed and to undertake productive employment generating activities, providing credit seems to be a way to generate self-employment opportunities for the poor. In this regard, MFIs in relation to other financial intermediaries has special role and distinguishing features which are given as follows: The primary objective of MFIs is to address the credit needs of those who are willing and ready to reduce their chronic poverty by engaging in farming and small scale production and service activities (Getahun, 2001). Besides provisions of credit facilities, MFIs render managerial, marketing technical and administrative advise to borrowers by reaching borrowers at there place of work.(ibid) MFIs do not require collateral to extend credit in cash or kind to peasant farmers and small entrepreneurs. Instead peer group-leading scheme, character based loans and the promise of subsequent loans is main motivations for repayment (Marguerite, 2001). Saving requirement is introduced as a compulsory feature of lending activity and this saving requirement seems to serve as a motivator for repayment of loan since borrowers choose to repay the loan than losing the amount they saved (Getahun, 2001) 2.2 Country Experiences on Micro-financing 2.2.1 Experience of Bangladesh Why it is that micro-finance becomes a great concern for the whole world as an instrument for poverty reduction in rural areas? It seems because it has recorded success in countries where it has been implemented Abiy (2000). A brief look at this success stories is as follows. One of the most successful countries often mentioned in the development of microfinance is Bangladesh. Micro finance organizations like Grameen Bank, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Proshika (PK), Association for Social Advancement (ASA), largest 20 credit NGOs (not including Grameen Bank), and Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) are operating in the country mentioned For instance, the Grameen Bank, which was established in 1983 as a challenge to existing collateral-based financial system, has had a promising result. It operates exclusively for the poor on the promise that rural people, who won too little land, support themselves as farmers, can never the less make productive use of small loans and repays them on time. The bank also promotes social development by making the poor accountable to individually and socially. Such intermediation improves productivity and income of the poor. This, in turn, also improves their loan payment rate and hence contributes to the Grameen Banks financial Viability. As the result it is the most successful credit program for poor and this may be seen from the outreach status and loan recovery so that the banks loan recovery rate has consistently remained above 90 percent Pit and Khandker (1998). 2.2.2 Experience of some African Countries Formalized micro finance institutions in Africa is a more recent phenomenon. The 1950s and 1960s led to a proliferation of rural leading programs that focused on the provision of subsidized credit by government development banks. After this period in 1980s, the replication of Bangladeshs Grameen Bank began to be tested using primary donor funds to provide credit to a wide number of solidarity group members (Paxton and Fruman, 1998). For our purpose, however, we will look only two countries Kenya and Burkina Faso- the former representing relatively densely populated region and the latter is less densely populated. For example, in Kenya KREB (Kenya Rural Enterprise Bank) is a micro finance institution serving the poor in rural and urban areas of Kenya. It was established as an intermediary NGO to provide financial and technical assistance to NGOs in Kenya that are involved in developing or promoting the development of micro and small enterprises. Since 1990, KREB has successfully transformed grants from its development partners into loan capital for nearly 30,000 businessmen and women. It has been able to do so at a positive return since 1994. KREB has distributed over Kenyan shilling 300 million each year since 1995 and has never run short of new customers. The PPPCR (Le project de promotion du petit credit rural) has been particularly innovative in adopting the Grameen style of group lending to the conditions in Burkina Faso. Certainly the sahelian region represents one of the most challenging environment for micro finance due to the combinations of failed prevails efforts low population density, poverty and illiteracy. To overcome some of these obstacles, PPPCR has departed from a pure Grameen replication and has adapted its own financial services and organization. Like the Grameen Bank, PPPCR has grown quickly, but cannot be compared in member of clients. By the end of 1994, PPPCR had served 10,000 clients, and two years later it had reached about 25,000 clients. Despite all of the careful modifications of the Grameen model to the Burkina Faso context, the provision of micro finance services has proved to be quite costly in the Sahel. The reasons for these high costs are more related to the environment (low population density, poor infrastructure, poverty, illiteracy etc.) than to the methodology of group lending itself. The PPPCR has experienced greater efficiency in the past couple of years as it continues to learn from its early experience achieves economies of scale. Generally, the results in this study have shown that none of the institutions have been able to cover the cost of subsidies despite in roads towards financial viability. Most of micro finance institutions limit their ability to achieve high volumes of loan advances and savings. In sum, the most important lesson is that a wide variety of market niches exist in the field of micro finance. In a more recent study, James et al, (2001) estimated the impact of an urban credit program in Zambia on business performance and on a range of indicators of household well-being. They found that borrowers who obtained a second loan experienced significantly higher average growth in business profits and household income. The Bolivian experience indicates that all the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels. (Mosley 2001); In Pakistans context, Khan (2001); estimated the economic impact of the support program on rural households. He concluded that the economic impact of the support program on rural households is substantially large and probably makes a significant difference to the households close to the poverty line. However, he qualified this conclusion by arguing this conclusion holds particularly for those rural households that participate on a sustained basis over a long period. However, international experience strongly suggests that microfinance projects do not reach all segments of poor. Even the minimal or no collateral requirements potentially exclude the poorest from the schemes. In Bangladesh, for example, only one forth of all microfinance clients is among the hard-core poor. The UNDP report (2000) claims that the hard-core poor having few assets are reluctant to take on the risks of credit, and when they do, it is usually for emergencies and consumption, not for production. Extending fin ancial services to the poorest requires innovations which go beyond those that have been developed so far. Morduch (1999); argued, The promise of micro finance should be kept in context. Even in the best of circumstances, credit from micro finance programs help find self employment activities that most often supplement income for borrowers rather than drive fundamental shifts in employment patterns. It rarely generate new job for others, and success ha been especially limited in regions with highly seasonal income patterns and low population densities. The best evidence to date suggests that making a real dent on poverty rates will require increasing overall levels of economic growth and employment generations. Micro finance may be able to help some households take advantage of those processes, but nothing so far suggests that it will drive them. The experience of micro finance in Pakistan is not that different from other countries, it is generally recognized that the present micro financing framework is characterized by low coverage (an inability to reach the poor), targeting inefficiency (the poorest are left out, inadequate of support (insufficient loan sizes), a low degree of ease of lack of self financing (dependence on donors). Rodriguez-Meza (2001); studies strategic defaults in microfinance. More specifically, he evaluates the effect of different contract designs on borrower repayment behavior for both individual and joint liability contracts. Rodriguez-Mezas model shows that lenders willing to grant loans large enough for borrower to achieve their optimal level of investment may face sustainability problems, as borrowers may find it optimal to default under these circumstances. He finds that clients can default on their loans even when they have the ability to repay due to the absence of perfect collateral. His results have serious implication for the viability of MFOs and their role in economic development. In addition to these studies, practitioners, donors and academics concerned about the negative effects of client exit on the overall sustainability of MFOs have conducted several descriptive studies on the issue (Hasan and Shahid, 1995); Khan and Chowdary, 1995; ASA, 1996; Kashangaki, 1999; Maxima Bali, 1999; Painter and MKNelly, 1999; Simanowitz, 1999; Wright et al, 1999; Churchill, 2000; Kuwik and Mashaba, 2000; Churchill and Halpern, 2001; Schreiner, 2001;.Overall, they found that most people are pushed out of MFOs, especially in Africa, due to adverse push factors, such as client maturity and competition, also play a role in pulling clients away from MFOs, especially in Latin America and Asia, where the micro finance industry is more developed and competition is more intense. The governments goal of poverty reduction is to be realized through a comprehensive approach that takes into account the interaction of economic, social and governance dimensions. The approach is outlined in the interim poverty reduction strategy paper (IPRSP).Expenditure and budgetary allocations for poverty reduction measures have been enhanced. The poverty alleviation program of the government has five elements: Small infrastructure projects, Social safety net, Food support program, Improving social indicators and Expanded access to MF and skills development services through grassroots Organization such as NGOs and village organizations. Greater private sector involvement in poverty reduction is envisaged. The social action program phase two (from January 1997 to June 2002) aims to improve access to basic social services like primary education, primary health care, population welfare services, potable water, sanitation and middle schooling. The government has also responded to growing unemployment, with a series of scheme including the mass self employment program. The incidence of poverty is to be reduced from 33% of population to be target kevel of 15.1% be end 2008. To enhance outreach of MF, the government has adopted a comprehensive approach to address issues and constraints through a conductive policy framework, appropriate supervisory and regulatory infrastructure, institutional capable of outreach to the poor and finally, investments in social intermediation and basic infrastructure. The government has plans to restructure DFIs.Emphasis will be placed on good governance, sustainability, and public private partnership, community based services delivery through NGOs, Pro-poor focus and gender concerns. This strategy complements the effort of the PPAF and other MF suppliers and provides the basic for a concerted effort to enhanced outreach in a grossly underserved market. Gender focus will be emphasized in the strategies and underlying activities in various government programs. A permanent commission on the status of women has been formally announced to protect womens rights. The IPRSP also recognizes the gender dimension of poverty and proposes reform of discriminatory laws and measures to coordinate policies. Within the IPRSP framework, a review and modification of economic and social policies to incorporate gender perspectives is planned. Strengthening of gender focal points in federal and provincial women development departments and identification of targets for the implementation of the National Action Plan (Ministry of Women Department) have been envisaged. On the basis of the literature reviewed, we have developed the following conceptual framework. Fig 2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Poverty Micro financing in education, health status, savings and real GDP Dependent variable Independent Variable P= f (EDU, HS, SAV, RGDP) Where, EDU = Education HS = Health Status SAV = Savings RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product. CHAPTER NO.3 DATA METHODOLOGY This part of the report illustrates the methodology that will be used to conduct this study. The conceptual framework for the study is depicted in Fig 2.1. We want to study the dependence level of the dependent variable and its association with the independent variables. Pool regression analysis is a well recognized methodology to analyze relationships and dependence among different variables. The research instruments used in this study were ordinary least square multiple regression analysis, Granger causality test. In view of the limited time frame of the study the sample size was restricted to thirty one. This study was descriptive in nature and deals with the most important and alarming issue of Micro financing. REGRESSION ANALYSIS: In statistics, regression analysis is a collective name for techniques for the modeling and analysis of numeri

My Mean Old Art Teacher Essays -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Mean Old Art Teacher Mr. Arnold stands smugly by his classroom door between classes, with his arms proudly crossed over his chest as trails of students trample past his art room each day. Many of the passers-by recognize this man simply as "the scary art teacher." Those who have experienced Mr. Arnold's art class first-hand regard him otherwise. I had heard many stories about Mr. Arnold before entering his grueling class. "Most people don't like him," some warned me. Others commented, "I've heard his class is really difficult." I can remember my first day in his art class clearly. I entered his room a timid freshman with unpleasant expectations. Maybe I was even a little more than timid. The concept of high school frightened me, and having a teacher with a bad reputation didn't ease my fears. I was a sheltered fourteen-year old girl; a girl who had been babied most of her life. I entered room 28 for the first time on a warm late-summer's afternoon, as the sun's rays attempted to soothe me through the windows. The poignant smell of oil paint filtered through the air, soft classical music drifted from his office and impressive artwork decorated the walls. Mr. Arnold always insisted, much to the students' opposition, that, "Classical music puts you in the right mind set to create art. It will not distract you, it will force you to focus." The shelves juggled piles of aged art supplies and half-filled canvases doffed the edges of the room. Mr. Arnold loomed in front of the class with his pointer, a man with frosty silver hair and an undeniable bald spot, unraveling his list of arduous requirements. "Art is not an easy B", he smirked, making reference to a sign on the wall, and squinting at us with his sharp icy eyes. "Furt... ...der his tutelege. Mr. Arnold's guidance has made me realize that if I deeply and genuinely love what I do, I can succeed. Art has wisked me into lands of creativity and imagination I never knew. I've learned to expand my boundaries by setting sail on risky bodies of water. I may be somewhat of a timid person, but when I create art, I can fly. Mr. Arnold has helped me gain more of the confidence I so desperately needed to break loose. I spent four years in that same room, a room where I grew to love the familiar smell of oil paint and the sound of classical music, listening to Mr. Arnold holler, narrate, criticize, instruct and laugh. I do know an art teacher, different from the one who stands smugly by the door of his art room, with his arms proudly crossed over his chest, and I will never forget him because his teaching has shaped me as an artist, and as a person.

Franklin Roosevelts New Deal Essays -- American History

It was called "relief." Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal provided relief to millions of Americans who had lost their homes, their jobs, and their hope. Many others felt that the radical new policies of FDR threatened the sanctity of the Constitution and free enterprise. Roosevelt's New Deal policies had many critics but among the most vocal were groups like the American Liberty League and powerful Socialists who argued that the New Deal policies either went too far or not far enough in solving the problems that faced the nation. Roosevelt's critics came from both ends of the political spectrum. The American Liberty League was an opposing group made up of conservative businessmen and corporate leaders. Believing that the free enterprise system was being attacked, they accused Roosevelt of trying to install a dictatorship in place of the federal government. In an excerpt from a 1935 article in Fortune magazine, the Roosevelt Administration is thought to be a government of men and not laws. The author compares Roosevelt to a dictator and calls his theory of federal administration "menacing and dangerous". Another political cartoon printed in the June 1936 issue of Current History, ridicules the Liberty League as being alarmist in accusing Roosevelt of bringing communism into the country. Herbert Hoover, a former president, agreed with the conservative ideas of this group. He disagreed with New Deal Legislation such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) or the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The basic idea of these New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. Under the AAA, the government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops. Other ... ...ved that Roosevelt did not care about ending poverty, but instead was more concerned about the fortunes of his wealthy associates. Known as being the most dramatic and innovative movement in modern history, the New Deal helped Americans find a new sense of hope for the future that was once thought to be forever lost. Although the New Deal didn't necessarily end the Great Depression, it successfully played a major role in relieving the distress of unemployment and poverty for many. However, it was the first time that government had played such an active role in the nation's economy and because of that many worried about the future of the nation. Some of Roosevelt's experimental programs are still in effect today. Programs such as Social Security, the FDIC and the SEC have become an integral part of society and they play as important a role today as they did in 1935.

Air Conditioner Controller :: essays research papers

1. INTRODUCTION Today, thanks to the advancement in the field of electronics, most of the manually controlled systems are getting replaced with sophisticated electronic circuits with intelligent controlls. These circuits are capable of monitoring, analyzing and controlling the systems. In earlier days these electronic circuits were fabricated around discrete hardware components such as transistors, logic ICs etc that made the system bulky and costly. Also since the component count was more the failure rate was also more. But now due to the introduction of single chip microcontrollers, the hardware part was drastically reduced; so also the cost and size of the hardware has come down to a large extent. As a result almost all of the control circuits are designed over single chip microcontrollers. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The primary objective of this project is to make a simple circuitry for Air conditioner controller. This circuitry is based on the state of the art technology of Microcontrollers .The features of the project is has given below 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Facility to set the temperature using a potentiometer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Display indicates the temperature – both the set value and the actual value. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An indication when the set range is beyond limits. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The system turns ON the Air conditioner when the set temperature. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A mode selector switch is provided to select between SET MODE and RUN MODE. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the SET mode is selected the display indicates the set value. When RUN mode is selected the display indicates the actual room temperature. The whole circuitry works on 230V AC. From this a series regulator is designed to derive +5V regulated supply for the microcontroller part. The circuitry is based on the popular microcontroller Atmel 89S8252 The project consists of necessary software and hardware for implementing the above function. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BLOCK SCHEMATIC OF THE PROJECT The figure below shows the block schematic of the project. This consists of the following. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power Supply Unit 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microcontroller Unit 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Potentiometer For Temperature Set. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Temperature Sensor Circuit 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Display Circuit 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Relay Driver Circuit It also consists of the following indications 1. Temperature Display on seven segment Display (2 digit) 2. A set range out indication. The circuit turns on a relay when the set temperature is less than the room temperature. This relay turns ON the Air Conditioner. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  STUDY OF MICROCONTROLLER This project makes use of a microcontroller-based circuitry for decision making such as password checking and device control. The microcontroller used here is microchip make PIC series IC 16F870. a. Microprocessors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A microprocessor, as the term has come to be known, is a general- purpose digital computer central processing unit (CPU).

Seat Belt Laws

Jennifer Isaac English 112 November 10, 2011 Say Yes to Life and Saving Money As I sit at a red light, a car rushes past and collides with another vehicle in the intersection. I call 911 then, after a few minutes, an ambulance pulls up on the scene. The EMT pulled a man from his car; his head a bloody mess from the impact with the windshield. They put him in the ambulance, after a bit of trouble getting him on the stretcher, and rush him to the emergency room. Later that night while watching the six o’clock news I see an interview with the police chief; he states that the man died in the hospital.However, the driver likely would have lived if he would have been wearing his seat belt. With scenes such as this, it is evident that seat belt laws should be in effect as well as enforced. Vehicle fatalities have a big impact on mortality rates and insurance premiums; therefore, enforcing seat belt laws can have a positive effect on society. Automobiles have progressed through the ye ars, and have become faster, yet the faster you go the greater the impact when an accident occurs.Federal and State agencies have developed speed limits and other guidelines, which when enforced, help keep passengers safe. Even though these laws are in place, accidents still occur; however, when the proper precautions are taken, risks can be minimized. As technology progresses so will vehicles; therefore, safety will continue to be a major concern. It is up to the motorists to decide to wear a seat belt, yet law enforcement officers are the ones who are there to enforce seat belt laws. Seat belts are installed into every car and truck, but should we have to wear them?Every state has a different law about who does and does not have to wear them, but in the state of Indiana if you are in a car that is equipped with seat belts and anyone above the age of 14 you are required to wear a seat belt. Also, children must use the correct car seat for their weight until they reach 135 centimete rs tall or their 12th birthday, whichever comes first. There are several other reasons that you do not need to wear a seat belt such as if you are a driver who is reversing, or supervising a learner driver who is reversing, in a vehicle used for police, fire, and rescue services, a assenger in a trade vehicle and you are investigating a fault, driving a good vehicle on deliveries that is traveling no more than 50 meters between stops, or a licensed taxi driver who is ‘playing for hire’ or carrying passengers (Using, 1). If there is a reason that you cannot wear a seat belt due to medical reasons, your doctor must issue you a ‘Certificate of Exemption for Compulsory Seat Belt Wearing’. You must keep this in your car at all times and handy if a police officer pulls you over.There are strict seat belt laws world-wide but, according to statistics, they are hardly followed. Approximately 50% of lives will be saved in an accident if people wear seat belts. Seat b elt safety statistics show that mostly the younger population between the age groups 16-35 is hardly found wearing seat belts. Seat belt facts also prove that 70% of the people wearing a seat belt have prevented injuries even on meeting with an accident. It is found that nearly 10,000 lives can be saved every year only by wearing a seat belt (Pandit 1).According to studies cited by the Independence Institute, â€Å"When subjects who normally did not wear seat belts were asked to do so, they were observed to drive faster, followed more closely, and braked later. In other words, people who are naturally cautious voluntarily choose to wear seat belts, and voluntarily drive safely. When reckless people are forced to wear seat belts, they â€Å"compensate† for the increased safety by driving more recklessly. Furthermore, no jurisdiction that has passed a seat belt law has shown evidence of a reduction in road accident death. (Veksler 1) Seat belts were designed to save peoplesâ⠂¬â„¢ lives, this only works if they are worn correctly or even at all. Many people do not wear their seatbelts because they do not believe in their efficacy, because they have heard that wearing seat belts might actually cost them their lives in certain types of accidents (Mikkelson 1). The constitution allows everyone to have the freedom rights, but how fair is it for the government to dictate what we can and can’t do when it comes to wearing a seat belt. The U. S.National Highway Safety Bureau first required automobile manufacturers to install lap belts for all seats and shoulder belts for front seats in 1968; however, most Americans did not regularly use safety belts until 1984, when the first state laws were passed mandating seat belt use. As of today, there are 48 states in which it is illegal for a driver or passenger to travel without a seat belt (the exceptions are Maine and New Hampshire). Of those 48 states, 10 have primary enforcement, meaning that police can stop and ticket a motorist simply for not wearing a seat belt.The other 38 states with seat belt laws have secondary enforcement, meaning that police can only ticket people not wearing seat belts if they pull the car over for some other reason. If not all states have to wear them, then why make it a law? Many fatalities that are related to vehicle accidents can be avoided if the occupants wear their seat belts. Some say seat belts can be the cause of deaths. Although this may be true, it is proven that in most cases seat belts are far more likely to save a life than kill the occupants of a vehicle.As written in the World Almanac and Book of Facts, â€Å"In 2006, safety belts and child restraints saved an estimated 15,808 lives† (â€Å"U. S. Motor† 1746). Seat belts do save lives; therefore, the laws that promote their use should be enforced. When police have the authority to stop a motorist solely for not wearing a seat belt, which is called primary law, motorists have mor e of a reason to wear their seat belts. Furthermore, vehicle insurance premiums could decrease if seat belt laws are followed.It makes sense that insurance companies charge more because accidents are escalated due to negligence of the driver by not wearing his seat belt. This point is reiterated in the Hudson Valley Business Journal: â€Å"The safer all drivers are, the fewer injuries there will be, which affects everyone’s insurance premiums† (â€Å"Seat Belts† 18). If drivers would just take that extra step before driving, and buckle their seat belt, society as a whole might notice a decrease in insurance premiums in the future. Insurance providers may not notice the change right away, but in the long run they would have to notice that fatalities are decreasing.Though law enforcement programs such as Click-It-Or-Ticket help raise the use of seat belts, they do so by threatening drivers with fines for not buckling up. Laurie F. Beck, from the National Center fo r Injury Prevention and Control wrote, â€Å"Although rates of safety belt use in the United States have increased substantially since the first state law was passed in 1984, many motor vehicle occupants continue to travel unrestrained† (1619). Sometimes threats stop short of reaching the amount of people intended.Perhaps if programs were developed to reward drivers who get pulled over and are wearing their seat belt, then we would see a stronger increase in seat belt use. Patrol officers could be required to note when a driver was properly restrained; that information could be provided to insurance companies; those companies would know which motorists were driving safely, and could reward them with discounted premiums. We as American citizens should have the choice in if we wear them or not. There are many reasons that many people do not wear them, but here are just a few.Some people feel if they are going a speed of less than 40 mph, then they do not need to wear them; howe ver the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) states that 80 percent of all crashes come at speeds of less than 40 mph and 75 percent of those are within 25 miles of home (Silverman 1). Another reason people do not wear their seat belts are because they believe they are uncomfortable. They believe the combination of the lap and shoulder belt is uncomfortable, so they either do not wear it or they put the shoulder belt under their arm. In doing this, it can cause internal injuries if they were ever in an accident.A different reason that some people do not wear their seat belt is because they feel their independence is being taken from them for being told what to do in their car. They feel that their car is their fortress and they should not be told what to do in it, especially by the government. Some people feel that if they are thrown from a car they have a better chance of being saved then staying in the car with the accident. This is not true according to the Kansas Traffic Safety Resource Office; individuals who get thrown from their cars are more likely to get killed than those wearing seat belts (Silverman 2).Finally, many drivers say they want to increase their chances of surviving a car fire or a submerged car. They feel that if they are buckled is it not only going to take longer to get out of the car, but if they are dazed or not alert, it is going to hinder their chances of getting out of the car alive. Less than ? of 1 percent of all accidents involve car fires or submersion. If some type of reward program happened to be in place, the scenario earlier could have ended differently. Maybe the driver would have suffered some type of injury, yet the seat belt could have stopped him from hitting his head on the windshield.Although seat belt laws promote the reduction of vehicle related fatalities and help decrease the cost of insurance premiums, other programs such as a reward program could further reach motorists. The more benefits motorists see a bout wearing seat belts the greater the chance they will choose to wear them. References: Beck, Laurie F. , et al. â€Å"Associations Between Sociodemographics and Safety Belt Use in States With and Without Primary Enforcement Laws. † American Journal of Public Health 97. 9 (2007): 1619-1624. Biomedical Reference Collection: Basic. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011.Mikkelson, Barbara & David. â€Å"Seat Belted. † Snopes. com. Urban Legends, 4 July 2011: 1-2. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. http://www. snopes. com/autos/accident/seatbelt. asp Pandit, Madhura. â€Å"Reasons to Wear your Seat Belt. † Buzzle. com. Buzzle. com, 2000-2011: 2. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. http://www. buzzle. com/articles/reasons-to-wear-your-seat-belt. html†Seat Belts, Car Seats Save Lives and Affect Insurance Premiums. † Hudson Valley Business Journal 6. 34 (1995): 18. Regional Business News. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. Silverman, Steve. â€Å"Why People Don’t Wear Seat Belts. † eHow. Dem and Media Inc. 1999-2011: 4. Web. 28 Sept 2011. http://www. ehow. com/about_5456493_people-dont-wear-seat-belts. html â€Å"U. S. Motor Vehicle Accidents, 2006. † World Almanac & Book of Facts (2009): 1746. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 29 Sept. 2011. â€Å"Using a seat belt. † Direct. gov. Crown, 29 Sept. 2010: 3. Web, 28 Sept 2011. http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Roadsafetyadvice/DG_4022064 Veksler, David. â€Å"The One Minute Case Against Mandatory Seatbelt Laws. † One Minute Cases. Politics, 21 May 2007: 1-3. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. http://oneminute. rationalmind. net/mandatory-seatbelt-laws/

The Growth of Online Shopping

THE GROWTH OF ONLINE SHOPPING MENTORED BY- MR SUHAIL ANWAR NIFT, NEW DELHI CREDITS- VAISHALI RAI SEMESTER III BACHELOR OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY NIFT, NEW DELHI 2011-2015 DATE- 21 AUGUST, 2012 CERTIFICATE â€Å"This is to certify that this Report titled â€Å"THE GROWTH OF ONLINE SHOPPING† is based on my, original research work, conducted under the guidance of Mr. Suhail Anwar towards partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the Bachelor Programme – Technology, of the National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi Center. †Signature of Researcher Vaishali Rai BFT-III NIFT, New Delhi Signature of Mentor Mr. Suhail Anwar NIFT, New Delhi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and there are no exceptions. The report being submitted today is a result of collective effort. Although the report has been solely prepared by me with the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of the course of BF-Tech (Bachelor of Fashion Technology ), there are many helping hands behind it who have guided me on my way. My sincere gratitude goes to Mr.Suhail Anwar, my mentor for the project, for providing me with his valuable knowledge and guidelines so as to bring out this report in a proper manner. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in completion of this report. Lastly, I would like to say that this report has been prepared by me and any mistake/error in the report is solely my responsibility. Vaishali Rai BFT-III NIFT, New Delhi CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CURRENT ONLINE SHOPPING SCENARIO . EXISTING TRENDS IN ONLINE SHOPPING- GLOBAL AND INDIA 4. WHAT THE FURURE HAS IN STORE 5. REFRENCES INTRODUCTION When it comes to today’s Gen Z, apparently the internet generation (and the most lazy gen of all), almost everything right from food to things in our bedroom is somewhere or the other the result of the tech savvy and internet friendly behavi or of ours. A click and we have the dominoes pizza sizzling hot on our doorstep, a click and we have the latest gadget in our hands†¦ what else do we need?Dad’s credit card of course but that is not a problem at all. It’s like a new trend has started, the â€Å"CLICK has gone WILD† and online shopping†¦ wilder!!! A report by Forrester, a leading research agency indicates that online shopping has recently seen an upsurge in its realm owing to easy access to Internet, the global IT boom which has facilitated an exemplary growth of all IT – related infrastructure, and the ridiculously busy schedules which leave us too drained to take the trouble of driving to a store to buy what we need.While it’s still nice to stop by a store to touch and see products, the convenience of online shopping can’t be beat. To be precise there are quite a few reasons behind this upsurge, which are mentioned below- * The e-tailing sites have been pumped wit h cash for expansion, and there’s now a frantic race afoot to try and scale up as quickly as possible. * The reasons for this surprising consumerism are also attributed to several socio-economic reasons including high disposable incomes and greater focus on status and reflection of the private label of all consumer goods. Increase in number of people using internet and their growing belief in it due to consumer friendly security gateways etc. * The modern infrastructure and the ease of technology offered is also one of the biggest reasons for the growth of this trend. Of course, India, home to people who are huge fans of sales, discounts, etc has the gaining popularity of the coupon sites sharing the task of popularizing the growth of online shopping trend in the country. CURRENT ONLINE SHOPPING SCENARIO- MARKET AND THE CONSUMERSThe biggest hindrances to online shopping in the past were the high incidence of identity theft, lack of consumer-friendly site interface, and the do t-com bust. But despite these drawbacks, with the help of computer programmers' improved software and increased security, investors and businesses rebuilt and redefined online marketing. Today, online stores are in the millions, with shops catering to both businesses and direct consumers. * Currently Europe is the largest market for online shoppers in the world. And when it comes to nations, US and UK top the charts. Wherein when it’s the fastest growing regions of online shopping, the APAC region is gaining high popularity, both in terms of market and the consumers. Recently, it was reported that Asians, particularly Indians and Chinese, are changing their way of shopping and are going online. There are more ‘High Net Worth' consumers within China than the whole of Europe put together. Japan leads the global mobile shopping sector due to the existing infrastructure for fast and innovative delivery of technology customized for personal consumption.When the rest of the w orld showed consumers cutting back on spending, some of the countries of the APAC region, such as India, China and Vietnam, showed a surprising rise in sales values to the tune of 15 percent in comparison to the rest of the world. India alone saw the growth of 18 percent in its online shopping sector. EXISTING TRENDS IN ONLINE SHOPPING- GLOBAL AND INDIA In the global markets, the move is towards online portals, while in the Asia- Pacific regions, especially India, there is an equal mix of traditional or wet markets for fresh produce, followed by the online format for lifestyle products, clothing and electronic goods.Trends in Global Online Shopping: * 92 percent of Consumers use websites to compare prices * 76 percent of Consumers use websites to access and print coupons * 75 percent of Consumers purchase at least 1 products or services per month via the Internet * 26 percent of Consumers spend at least $500 per month buying goods/services via the Internet Trends in Indian Online Sh opping: * In the next one year, at least eight out of ten Indian consumers will make online purchases At present, a little more than a quarter users reveal that they spend 11% of their monthly shopping expenditure on procurements online. * 71 percent Indians trust recommendations from family when making an online purchase decision. Recommendations from friends stand at 64 percent and online product reviews at 29 percent. * Almost 50% Indian consumers’ use and trust social media sites to help them make online purchase decisions * In the next 6 months or so, most buyers will purchase books (41%), airline tickets (40%), and electronic equipment such as TV, Cameras (36%) online. The trend observed is that while shopping, most buyers ideally shop from websites that allow them to select products from many different stores. WHAT THE FUTURE HAS IN STORE Global business-to-consumer e-commerce sales will pass the 1 trillion euro ($1. 25 trillion) mark by 2013, and the total number of I nternet users will increase to approximately 3. 5 billion from around 2. 2 billion at the end of 2011, according to a new report by the Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), a U. K. online retail trade organization.The study estimates that business-to-consumer e-commerce sales in 2011 increased to 690 billion Euros ($961 billion), an increase of close to 20% from a year earlier. IMRG estimates that growth rates in countries like US and UK (currently the market giants) will be approximately 10-15% a year. But with China’s e-commerce sales growing more than 130% in 2011, it is only a matter of time before the Asian giant becomes the single largest market in the world. IMRG, is forecasting that France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Turkey and Poland will be the fastest-growing markets in Europe.It also anticipates substantial growth in Latin America, led by Brazil and Mexico, and the Middle East, led by Israel and the UAE. Online retail in India is on fire and will be on it in the n ear future. India to be the fastest growing E-Commerce Market in Asia-Pacific region and its online market is set to grow to $8. 8 Billion by 2016. According to the latest research by Forrester, a leading global research and advisory firm, the e-commerce market in India is set to grow the fastest within theAsia-Pacific Region at a CAGR of over 57% between the years 2012-16. As per the report, while compound annual growth rates in the mature e-commerce markets of Japan, South Korea, and Australia will run 11% to 12% over the next five years, in the rapidly growing markets of China and India, these growth rates will be 25% and 57%, respectively. This report brings out the fact there has been a stable rise in the sector of online shopping and this rise will continue to take place in the future also.The trend of online shopping is here to stay. REFRENCES – http://www. businessreviewindia. in/marketing/web/online-shopping-trends-in-india (Visited on 12 August, 2012) http://www. bi gcommercereviewsite. com/online-shopping-statistics-is-your-offline-business-suffering/ (Visited on 12 August, 2012) http://EzineArticles. com (Visited on 17 August, 2012) http://www. asiaonlinemarketing. com/online-potential-in-asia-pacific/ (Visited on 17 August, 2012) http://www. retailresearch. org/onlineretailing. php (Visited on 16 August, 2012)

Dj Party

Report on DJ culture impact on IUB students Figure 1 : Likeness of the DJ party-10 Figure 2 : Popularity of Dj Party-10 Figure 3 : Perception about Dj party-11 Figure 4 : How often people goes to Dj party-12 Figure 5 : Is it good for IUB students-13 Figure 6 : Effects of Dj Party-13 Figure 7 : About banning Dj Party-14 Figure 8 : Bring dirtiness in our society-15 Abstract The aims and objectives of this report is to identify, describe and produce an analysis on necessity of Dj party impact on IUB students means is it affecting the IUB students in proper way or creating a disaster? This will provide a common understanding about Dj party; find out how IUB students react to it and whether it is good or bad for our IUB environment and the society. Our main purpose of this report is to let you know are the DJ parties in Bangladesh influencing the IUB students in a discipline or a disaster. First of all we will let you know about the DJ party in Bangladesh by giving you thorough information about the DJs and the DJ parties in Bangladesh including the DJ parties organized in IUB. Then we will give descriptive information about the DJ parties held in Bangladesh and which DJ parties’ students prefer to attend. Later we will discuss about the methodology where in this segment, we will discuss on the procedure of collecting information for the project. The whole data collection process has been divided in to two sections, primary and secondary section. Later we will deliver the findings of our report where we have done a survey of 50 IUB students and through which we got a better idea of the student’s opinion. In this finding we ask the students some questions that are related to the impact of the DJ parties. At first we ask the likeness of the DJ parties following this question we have asked how often the students go to DJ parties. Then through questionnaires we get the information about the effect of DJ parties on our IUB students. Following that we get the information whether DJ parties should be banned from our society. Later we get the information are DJ parties bringing dirtiness in our society and the environment of IUB. Through the questionnaires we get detail information about the report through which we can get a descriptive findings. Finally we finish the report with a informative conclusion. Later including a recommendation through where we get the information. Table of Contents |Sl. No. Description |Page | |1 |Introduction |7 | |2 |Methodology |8 | |3 |Findings |10 | |4 |Conclusion |16 | |5 |Recommendations |17 | |6 |Appendix |19 | Introduction Dj party is a very new tradition in Bangladesh. It’s a new way entertainment in Bangladesh. Even about 5 year ago there are very few people were conscious about Dj party. Gradually the situation of Bangladesh regarding Dj party has been changed. Now days, most of the people of Bangladesh are now aware about Dj party, gradually Dj party has become a common form/way of entertainment. Now a day Dj party is occurring every where in Bangladesh like corporate organization, university function, 5 star hotels, theme park like Nandon, Fantasy kingdom, Foyez lake etc. There are lots of new Dj’s are coming out day by day in Bangladesh from the new generation. They are highly talented and they have the music knowledge as well. The party or club DJ is a place where lots of people gathered and enjoying the Dj’s music by dancing. Dj party is always very crowded and noisy. Here, the DJ must be the life of the party, the MC, the shining star that makes the event. This type of a DeeJaying is not for the timid or shy. This may sound like the hardest, but relating to a live audience with instant feedback is actually the easiest. Methodology In this segment, we will discuss on the procedure of collecting information for the project. The whole data collection process has been divided in to two sections, primary and secondary section. Primary section In this section the data has been collected through a survey on more than 50 individuals on 8th and 15h April 2010. The questionnaire is based on two types of method – †¢ Qualitative †¢ Quantitative This data was obtained through a questionnaire concerning the following issues: ? DJ party and its effects on IUB students’ personal life ? DJ party and its effects on IUB students’ social life ? DJ party and its effects on corporate life Finally the conclusive evaluation on DJ party impact on IUB. The data was collected from a diverse group of students, staffs and professionals from Independent University, Bangladesh. Secondary Section In this section the data has been collected through different Print, Electronic and Online media given below: Print media: ? The Daily Star ? The Daily Prothom Alo ? The Daily New Age ? The Daily Amar Desh Electronic media: ? RTV ? Bangla vision ? BBC World ? CNN ? Sky News On-line media: ? Google. com ? Facebook ? Wikipedia ? CNN Online ? Prothom Alo online Edition These data were used to build up the base of the report as well as giving the report its current form. Findings: We have done a survey with 50 IUB students randomly within IUB to find out about necessity of Dj party and the things they like about Dj party, the things do not like about Dj party and impacts of Dj party on our society etc. We have done our survey on university students because Dj is the most popular among universities and high school students that means the young generation. From the survey, we have found the following information about Dj party, we also analyze the information: Likeness of the DJ party This section represents the popularity of DJ party in Bangladesh and the IUB students. It also evaluates the current situation of DJ party especially the IUB students of Bangladesh. We also divide the male and female regarding the likings of DJ party. Figure:1 Figure: 2 Figure : 3 [pic] We have done our survey on IUB students because Dj party is very much popular in IUB. Figure: 1 show that about 70% students like Dj party and 20% students have given negative opinion about Dj party and the remaining people are neutral about Dj party. They don’t like Dj party for several reasons like: †¢ It is still a new form of entertainment in our country. †¢ Lack of discipline in Dj party. †¢ Highly expensive ticket. Figure: 2 Show that likeliness of Dj party between male and female students. According to the survey, we have found 100 students from that 70% of male and 30% female students like Dj party. The percentage of female students regarding Dj party is lower because of following reasons: †¢ Restriction from religion †¢ Restriction from family †¢ Middle class girls are generally conservative Figure: 3 show the perception about Dj party among the IUB students. According to the figure 3 we can see 20% of student says awesome, 50% says good and 30% of students says dirty about Dj party. How often people goes to Dj party Dj party still not so popular yet in Bangladesh. Few years ago some people even do not know about Dj party. But now days, people has started to go DJ parties. Figure : 4 [pic] Figure: 4 say that 45% of student goes to Dj party once in month, 35% of student do not go to Dj party. 5% of students go to Dj party once in a week. Students want to spend more time with their friends with some sort of entertainment like music, drama, dancing, and singing. More over now days, couples want to go spend some personal time with entertainment and Dj party suited th em very much because there is crowd lots of space, darkness etc. Effect on IUB students IUB students can be divided into some classes as like: †¢ Upper class †¢ Upper middle class †¢ Middle class Figure : 5 Figure : 6 Figure 5 shows 80% people are disagree with the term that Dj party is good for our IUB students and 20% people agree with this term. We will find the reason in figure: 6. it shows that from Dj lover 65% are from upper middle class 25% and 10% are from middle class as because middle class people are higher in IUB and they are not so interested about Dj party we get the higher proportion of disagreeing that Dj party is go for IUB students. Should Dj party be banned in our country? Dj party is a place where people gather and enjoying the Dj music by dancing Dj party is always very crowed and noisy. As Bangladesh is a Muslim oriented country and there are many religion restrictions about dance and music that’s why we get different opinion about banning Dj party. Figure : 7 [pic] Figure: 7 show that 40% students are in favor of Dj party. They don’t want to stop Dj party because they think it’s a social meeting and new form of entertainment. People can enjoy the time with any bounds 35% students in natural position, they left these issues to the government because this is a complicated issue and lots of people do like Dj party. So they don’t want to give personal opinion about this issue. 25% students think Dj party should be banned from the society. Because they thought it brings dirtiness, no discipline and spoils our young generation and waste of money. It doesn’t match to our culture. Bring dirtiness in our society Our culture is very much conservative. People are devotional and religious. They don’t prefer environment where male and female gather together and dancing together. Figure 8 [pic] According to the survey, figure: 8 shows 75% of student thinks that Dj party brings dirtiness in our cutlers because it gives birth of vulgarity in our society. There are no dress codes for girl as a result girl wears such kind of dresses which makes the boys crazy. Moreover, the entertainment is very much suitable for all kind of provocative activities. About 15% of students are not sure about this issue because they know that it brings dirtiness. But still they like it. They think dirtiness is one kind of enjoyment. About 10% of the student says no about this issue. That means they think Dj party is not bring any kind of dirtiness. The reason behind this is they like this kind of modern culture and they are quite familiar about that culture. They don’t consider it as dirtiness because they are living with this kind of situation. They don’t consider it so dirtiness because they are living with this kind of situation. Conclusion Dj party is a good way of new entertainment in Bangladesh. The popularity of Dj party is known worldwide and people are aware of what Dj party is and what it does. From our survey we saw that its popularity is getting higher day by day. We made our survey of 50 students in IUB and we found most of the people like Dj party. But they all were worried about the impact of Dj party in our own culture. They suggest that if Dj party can deals with our own songs, then it will be much more accepted. In our survey, we saw that even though, most of the people like it but some of them said they do not like Dj party that much because they are very aware of our culture. They think Dj parties are hampering our culture very badly and giving birth of dirtiness in our society. Many people go to the Dj party very frequently; they spend their time keeping in touch with their friends by entertainment. They like spending the time with singing, dancing etc. Our country haven’t have many way of entertaining. So, people find it very enjoyable way of entertainment. But they don’t know that in the name of entertainment they are actually forgetting our own culture day by day as our cultural assets are not shown in these parties. For the reason of going very frequently in Dj parties they are becoming undisciplined in their practical life as there are no disciple in Dj parties. So, to conclude we can say that Dj party is very recent object in our country. We have very strong disciplined culture of our own. We have vast amount of musical assets as well. If Dj parties can remove the dirtiness, maintain the discipline and keep our culture live in the party, then it will be the one of the best ways of entertainment for everybody in our country. Recommendations: The following recommendations are made to improve the Dj parties ? Make some discipline at Dj parties. ? Should have some dress code. ? Smoking and drinking should be banned from Dj party. ? There should be age limit for the students. ? Dirtiness should be removed. We should keep our social norms and ethics. ? Dj can use our cultural songs so that our culture can be represent in a new way. ? Make a monitoring board for controlling Dj parties. References: References ? www. Google. om (last visited 16h April) ? CNN online. com (last visited 16h April) ? Sky News online edition (last visited 16h April) ? Prothom Alo Online edition (last visited 16h April) ? BBC online. com (last visited 16h April) ? The Daily Star online edition (last visited 16h April) ? elc. polyu. edu. hk/C iLL/reports. tm (last visited 16h April) ? ic. arizona. edu/~profcomm/writing/samples/report (last visited 16h April) Appendix: Sample questionnaire: [pic] Independent University Bangladesh (IUB) Survey on Do you want Dj parties more in IUB? Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Sex: M/F Age: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Education: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Occupation :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Marital status: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Locality:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Please give a tick on the right option |Do you like DJ party? |Do you like to spend more time with your friends in Dj | | |parties? | | | |Yes |Yes | |No |No | | | | | | | |Do you love to listen Dj war? |How many times do you go to a Dj party in your life so | | |far? Age 18 – 24) | |Yes | | |No |0 – 5 | |Sometimes |5 – 10 | | |10 – 15 | | |More | |How frequently do yo u go to Dj parties? |Dj party is: | |Once in a week | | |Twice in week |Awesome | |Once in a month |Very good | |I don’t go to Dj parties Good | | |Dirty | |Dj party is good for IUB students? |Dj party should be banned in our country. | | |Off course NOT | |Agree |Should be banned | |Disagree |It’s up to govt. | |May be | | |Dj parties bring dirtiness in our culture. |What do you want in a Dj party? | |Classified DJ mix | |Yes |No dirtiness | |No |Classical music | |May be |Wide open venue | |Who cares | | Question 11 to 14 estimates the stage of your preference regarding the Dj parties. |5= Strongly Agree 4= Agree 3=Strongly Disagree 2= Disagree 1= Neutral |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | |11. |DJ parties are necessary for the entertainment? | | | | | | |12. |Dj parties are the only way of entertainment? | | | | | | |13. |Do you think Dj parties are really essential for the corporate parties? | | | | | | |14 |Now a days Dj parties are giving birth of vulgarity/filthiness in our society. | | | | | | |Your opinion about Dj party in IUB: | ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic]