What representation of American Social Class is there in the first four scenes of Falling Down?

The opening scene of Falling Down immediately establishes the location of the film, America; this is obvious to the audience with the American cars and yellow school bus with the stars and stripes hanging on the side. The lead character played by Michael Douglas is established as a white, Anglo-Saxon, protestant (WASP) who is supposedly the most privileged class in American society. He is meant to represent the typical American white-collar worker. The audience gets this impression of D-Fens (Michael Douglas) because he is smartly dressed with a white shirt and tie, he wears glasses, he's cleanly shaven and is driving a typical American family sedan. This first impression of D-Fens is subsequently taken apart throughout the film and the audience later finds out that he is unemployed and discontent with American society. D-Fens' car and the way he acts give the audience a early clue that he is not all that he seems. D-Fens is stuck in a traffic jam and getting more and more frustrated by the things around him, he reacts very violently to the fly in his car and thrashes around trying to kill it, this gives the audience an indication that he is quite a violent person when he gets annoyed. Another indication is when D-Fens tries to cool himself down and his air conditioning system doesn't work, so he tries to open the window but the handle is broken, the car is like a metaphor for D-Fens' life shabby, worn out and not like it used to be. There is quite a range of different social classes represented in the opening scene all seen from D-Fens' point of view. In the back seat of the car in front of D-Fens is a young Hispanic girl who is staring impassively at him watching his frustration and breakdown unfold. D-Fens seems uneasy about this maybe because it reminds him of his own daughter and he feels ashamed that he can't drive her to school anymore. This girl is shown in contrast to the children on the bus who are noisy and happy whereas she is silent. She is sad looking and the car she's in is also old these things make the audience think she also doesn't have the happy life that the American dream is supposed to offer. This immediately brings up the question of race in the film and whether people from minority ethnic groups have the same opportunities as WASP's. The camera then pans across to show another white-collar worker, a middle-aged woman putting on bright lipstick and trying to make herself look younger, this gives the impression that she feels threatened perhaps by younger women in her work place. The next vehicle that comes into shot is the typical American school bus the children are very noisy and annoying, there is also a mixture of races represented and they appear to be getting along with each other. There is a black boy that is staring at D-Fens in much the same way as the Hispanic girl and it appears that non-WASPs are more of a threat to D-Fens and this perhaps suggests he is racist. Next to the school bus is a new sporty, convertible with two yuppies in the front seats. They can be categorized like this because they have mobile phones, a nice car, and smart suits. They are represented as aggressive and impatient as the driver is honking his horn for no apparent reason. They are rude and loud on the phone and they appear arrogant because they don't feel that they should be stuck in the traffic jam with everyone else. They seem to epitomise capitalism in America and the type of people that become rich and successful in a capitalist society. There are also representations of American society shown on the three bumper stickers that D-Fens looks at. The first one says â€Å"Financial Freedom phone †¦ † this also shows capitalism in America and that fact that many people live in debt and see themselves as being trapped with only money being the way out. The next sticker says â€Å"He died for our sins† and this shows how religious orientated American society is. The last one says â€Å"How's my driving? Phone 1-800 EAT SHIT! † this just shows how uncaring American society has become with many people being stuck in poverty, whilst many others are living in luxury. The flashing ‘Delay' lights, the heat, noise and smoke all come together and the quick straight edits from each of these elements build up the sense of desperation and threat until D-Fens finally has enough and gets out of his car and tells the man behind him that he's â€Å"going home†. This phrase is repeated throughout the film and it becomes D-Fens' quest. ‘Home' is not literally his house but back to a time when D-Fens felt less threatened from foreign immigrants or non-WASPs, a time when his role in society was more defined and he was a family man and a breadwinner, a time when he felt proud of America and its people. In the next scene the second main character, Prendergast, is introduced. He also appears to be a white-collar worker and a WASP but he is slightly older than D-Fens, his reaction to the traffic jam is in contrast to D-Fens' because he is more relaxed and doesn't let it frustrate him. He is represented as a wise old cop who is from the old school of policing and he is contrasted with the young arrogant policeman on the motorbike who enjoys his power but turns out to be a less competent cop than Prendergast. There is also a smarmy salesman on the scene trying to offer the young cop help, which he rejects. He talks about his trade and how he gives discounts for officers of the law, this suggests that money can influence police and that they are corrupt. The third scene represents a single mother who turns out to be D-Fens' ex-wife, she is shown as stressed and overworked having to get the groceries, walk the dog and look after the child all at once. The house appears to be nice, quite large with a garden and white picket fence and it seems to represent the ideal American family home, although there are signs of it starting to fall into disrepair with the paint on the house peeling off and the front garden being untidy. This shows how D-Fens used to have a nice traditional family life and the suburban idyllic house that went with it, that's when it used to be ‘home'. There is also a sign of how gun culture is very much part of American society with D-Fens' young daughter playing with a realistic looking toy gun and learning from a young age the power that you can have by possessing a gun. The fourth scene represents an immigrant shopkeepers in particular a Korean man. It opens with the well dressed, white D-Fens walking into a poor area of the city, this is shown by the graffiti on the walls, the rubbish on the streets and the fact that there are metal bars over the windows to keep the small shop secure. The Korean shopkeeper is dressed in old, unfashionable clothes and he appears quite impoverished because his till is very old fashioned and he is wary of a WASP coming into his shop in this area. This shows the separation of communities in America and the lack of trust between them. D-Fens is very racist towards the shopkeeper in this scene and he shows no respect for him when he marches in and asks for change without even having eye contact with the shopkeeper. D-Fens sees himself as being dominant over the Korean man and he sets the price of 50cents for the can of Coke and he takes control. He sees the immigrant as inferior to him because he is a WASP and he still has the ideals of the time before. D-Fens is racist because he mocks the Korean mans accent and the fact that he can't pronounce the ‘V' in five, then because the man is Asian he immediately assumes that he's Chinese and this is a typical ignorant view of an American who are traditionally insular in their views. This is shown again later on in the film when Prendergast immediately assumes that his fellow Japanese cop can understand the Korean man. When D-Fens finds out the man is Korean he says about the foreign aid that his country has given to Korea and he therefore feels that this man owes him and in saying ‘my country' he implies that the Korean man doesn't belong there. The image of the American flag is used once again in this scene when the container full of flags is smashed on the floor in a struggle between the two characters. This shows how immigrants feel that they have to be visibly patriotic towards America to fit in with society. The broken glass container could also be a symbol for how communities are now broken in America. Or it could symbolise how the American dream is broken for this shopkeeper and also significantly for D-Fens. D-Fens then says that he is â€Å"going to take prices back to 1965† before violently smashing up the shop. This period of time is what D-Fens associates with â€Å"home† because at this time WASPs were the dominating group in society and there was prejudice against other ethnic groups, this was a time when he felt accepted and valued in society and he was a happy family man living the American dream and this is a time he wants to return to. The Korean shopkeeper is obviously used to violence and robberies living in the area that he does because he gets on the floor and shouts â€Å"Take the money! this is seen as a major insult to D-Fens because he sees himself as middle-class and in his opinion robbery is a thing that poor working class people do. He also feels that he is justified in terrorising this shop because all he wanted was some change for the phone. This scene has been interpreted by many people as being racist and this is an understandable view because the Korean man is represented in a negative way. He is rude and scruffy whereas D-Fens is represented almost like a hero figure with traditional Hollywood hero lines and he appears to be fighting for consumer rights.

Motivating and Rewarding Employee Performance

Motivating and Rewarding Employee Performance *Mars Model A model that outlines the four factors that influence an employee’s voluntary behavior and resulting preformance. The motivation,ability,role perceptions and situational factors. *Motivation The forces within a person that affects his or her direction,intensity,and persistence of voluntary behavior. *Ability Consists of both the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to succesfully complete a task. Role Perceptions Employees who feel engaged in their jobs not only have the necessary motivation and competencies to perform their work but also understand the specific tasks assigned to them. *Situational Factors Include conditions beyond the employees immediate control that constrain or facilitate his or her behavior and performances. Motivating Employee: A Three-Part Process Part 1: Managing Motivation through Drives and Needs *Drives Instinctive tendencies to seek particular goals or maintain internal stabili ty. Needs Mostly conscious deficiencies that energize or trigger behaviors to satisfy your needs. *Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Theory A motivation theory of needs arranged in a hierarchy,whereby people are motivated to fulfill a higher need as a lower one becomes gratified. Four-Drive Theory A motivation theory based on the innate drives to acquire,bond,learn and defend that incorporates both emotions and rationality. *Drive to Acquire This is to seek,take,control and retain o bjects and personal experiences. Drive to Bond This is to drive to form social relationship and develop mutual caring and commitments w/ others. *Drive to Learn This is to drive to satisfy our curiosity,to know and understand ourselves and the environment around us. *Drive to Defend This drive creates a â€Å"fight-or-flight† response in the face of personal danger. Part 2: Managing Motivation through Goals,Expectations and Feedback *Goal Setting and Feedback The process of motivating employees and clarifying their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives. Prepared by:Harieth Velasco

American novel Essay

Inspiration is something that some people have difficulty finding, whether to write the great American novel or simply to get out of bed in the morning. Creative inspiration is much more delicate a subject, as when one does not feel the desire to create, the product most often suffers greatly. However, for me, creative inspiration comes from almost everywhere I look, as long as I manage to see beauty before me, and luckily, the world is a beautiful place. Beauty is truly everywhere; it can be in a sunset, a work of art, or in a masterpiece of architecture. There is manmade beauty and natural beauty, and both have unique appeals that inspire to humans in many different ways, including creatively. Along with the millions of writers, painters, and poets that came before me, I find creative inspiration in noticing the beauty of things, no matter how common or rare. I can also find beauty amidst things that are ugly, if anything gaining an increased appreciation for the beautiful moments of peace and lightness. No matter how much I suffer or observe suffering, it is easy for me to remember that life is indeed beautiful, and this often inspires me to continue creating beauty of my own. Human physical beauty is also something that inspires me creatively. It is impossible to deny that certain men and women are not beautiful, for a perfect face and body attracts many people from all around; however like the old adage that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, everyone else may not universally agree upon the external and physical beauty of these people. Some people make think blonds are beautiful, while others prefer brunettes; some people may like blue eyes, while others only find brown beautiful. This shows the subjective nature of beauty, which begs the question as to whether this beauty is significant at all or merely a matter of taste. However, like the beauty of Helen of Troy, legendary and often referenced in all arts, beautiful people inspire me to create. But, while physical beauty can inspire me to create, it is most often the beauty I find within people and myself that most inspires me. I believe the greatest and most inspiration beauty in life comes from within; and this kind of beauty can be achieved by everyone without pills, painful operations, or costly beauty treatments. I have learned not to put too much stock in the media’s representation of beauty, because I feel it robs from the more significant beauty that can be achieved in society when people think of each other and treat each other with equal respect and consideration. I do my best to live by the golden rule, and find situations the most beautiful when others do the same. I feel that many of the popular conceptions of beauty are based on half-truths and blatant deceptions, encouraging people to hide their flaws rather than love themselves. For me, honesty is beautiful and inspirational, and I try always to be honest, and subsequently inspired. Life is beautiful enough without having to worry about perfecting physical attributes, and the truth is that aesthetic beauty is not nearly as lasting or inspirational as emotional, spiritual, and mental beauty. These are the kinds of beauty to which I aspire and have successfully managed to cultivate in my efforts to harness creative inspiration. While beauty may truly be in the eye of the beholder, I feel confident in my own beauty because I treat everything in life as it is: beautiful. From this view, it is easy for me to find creative inspiration in just about everything I see, hear, and feel. I find joy and inspiration in everything, and I try to make everyone share in the beauty that I possess and inspiration I find, hoping that they can also create his or her own. I try to be truthful in all regards, and try never to feel insecure that my beliefs in my own beauty are false. I refuse to adopt the media’s perception of beauty, and prefer to find my own conceptions in what I see is true beauty: generosity, compassion, and joy. All I have to do is sit back for a moment, reflect on the wonders of existence, and I will inevitably be convinced of the beauty of life, and subsequently inspired to create some of my own. For me, this is the truth, and like the words of John Keats, â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all/ Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know† (Keats, 1901). For me, beauty is truth, and truth is inspiring. REFERENCES Keats, J. (1901/1999). Ode to a Grecian Urn. The Oxford Book of English Verse. Ed. Quiller- Couch, Arthur Thomas, Sir. Bartleby. com. 31 Jul 2008. .

The Holy Spirit in the books of Acts Research Paper

The Holy Spirit in the books of Acts - Research Paper Example Paul’s missionary journey in Rome. For better interpretation of the Acts of Apostles, it is important to note that the Acts of Apostles is the manifestation of the fulfilment of Jesus’ promise to His disciples that He wouldn’t leave them as Orphans, but that He would send them the Holy Spirit who would act as their guide in their mandate to preach the good news (Turner, 2003)1. The book of the Acts of the Apostles, therefore, is an account of how the Holy Spirit led the disciples in establishing the early Church: the Spirit inspired, strengthened, gave directions, gave the power to perform miracles, and guided the apostles in their mandate, given by Jesus Christ, to spread the Gospel to the whole world. That is why the book of the Act of the Apostles is often times aptly referred to as the book of the Holy Spirit (Bruce, 1973)2. This paper investigates the roles of the Holy Spirit, as the main character, in the book of the Acts of the Apostles. At the end of the paper, a conclusion is made based on the salient points elaborated and discussed in the body of the paper. THE PENTECOST The book of the Acts of the Apostles begins with Jesus’ instructing His disciples not to depart from Jerusalem, but to remain there and wait for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, Acts, 1: 4-5. The disciples in obedience to their master, Jesus Christ, remained in Jerusalem, in the upper room, patiently waiting and praying for the Holy Spirit. On the day of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles in the upper room in form of tongues of fire, Acts, 2:3. The Holy Spirit strengthened the apostles and gave them the power to preach the Good News boldly. Prior to the event of the Pentecost, following the death of Jesus Christ, the apostles had gone into hiding for fear that the persecutors of Jesus may decide to look for them and kill them. The descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples, therefore, marks the beginning of the Work of the Holy in t he Acts of the Apostles (Drumwright, 1944)3. Following this outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples of Jesus Christ on Pentecost day, the work of the Holy Spirit was manifest in many of disciples’’ future works as the missionaries of the Good News. THE HOLY SPIRIT STRENGTHENS THE APOSTLES TO PREACH THE GOSPEL (Acts, 2.) Following the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples on Pentecost day, the disciples led by Peter stood to preach the Good News to the People. The Holy Spirit gave them the courage and the boldness to preach without fear. In the preaching, Peter emphasised that Jesus Christ is, indeed, the promised Messiah, and that Jesus Christ, actually, died, was buried, and on the third day He arose again in accordance with the writings of the

Analysis for the 7Cs Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis for the 7Cs Framework - Assignment Example With the information provided on the website, it is easy for a potential customer to book a room because the site is enough to keep the visitors updated. All the content available on the website has been developed by the company in an effort to ensure that users of the website are well-informed (164). Community  The Le Meridien website presents a strong community because it promotes interactions between different customers. The website has a page that allows guests or visitors to share their experiences with other visitors. The page is highly interactive because new visitors can post questions to the authors of the current reviews concerning their experience at the hotel. The page serves to create a highly connected community that allows all the users to interact. The page is under the close monitoring by the site owner. Notably, this aspect is a remarkable feature of the Le Meridien website (169).Customization  A close analysis of the Le Meridien reveals that it is generic becau se all visitors to the website see the same phase of the website. The fact that the site is information dominant, it does not present an opportunity for personalization or tailoring by the site owner. All the functions and windows in the website are permanent and are the same for each viewer. Therefore, there is a salient need for the company to introduce a measure of customization so that visitors may experience a measure of freedom and exercise their self-expression (173). The communication between the users and the site owner.

Strategic Management D3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management D3 - Essay Example The New Recipe case study showed how the firm reacted to the effects of Martha Steward Wall Street scandal and restructured its operations afterwards to change the firm’s public image and operating procedures. The firm expanded its outbound logistics setup by adding other major retailers other than K-Mart to solidity its distribution network. The company’s operations were reorganized as far as its human management function. Martha Steward leadership role was reduced, she stepped down as CEO of the company and took a more passive role within the organization Along with a new management team the company implemented a corporate strategy that divided its business into four divisions: publishing, broadcasting, merchandising and internet. An internal audit an advisory activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations (Vt, 2008). Among the key areas included in the internal audit are risk management, control and corporate governance. At Martha Steward Living Omnimedia the company had to access the risk associated with the brand image of the company which required actions to achieve collateral damage. The company suffered heavy financial losses for a couple of years after Martha’s conviction. Between 2002 and 2006 the firm was not profitable, with 2005 being the worst year due to a $76 million corporate loss. The results had a detrimental effect in the value of the company’s stock value. Corporate governance structure of a company specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among the different participants such as the board, management and shareholders (Encycogov, 2008). The corporate governance of the company changed to separate the power and interest of the founder from the company’s objectives. Prior to Martha’s conviction the fact that she played such an instrumental role in the entire operations

Online Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Online Services - Assignment Example The first service is to share and exchange used books. The students are always in need of books whenever they enter a new semester or some new course material is introduced. With the increasing costs of the books, it is becoming difficult for the students to buy new books; rather it is effective and productive idea that students can share the books with each other for example if a student has passed a semester then he can offer them to exchange and share them with others. The second service is the tutoring facilities. In the modern competitive educational systems, many students find it hard to have a sound grasp on many subjects. Professors and experts are needed in order to teach the students. The proposed website will provide the tutoring services and students will easily locate the required experts and they can negotiate with them. The third effective service provided by the proposed website is to help the students’ in doing different kinds of dissertations, assignments, tr anslation and problem solving. Options for online advertising Google ads are one of the most prolific and effective means of advertising. Google ads are given by different companies and business after a certain amount of traffic start coming to your website. In our scenario, the effectiveness of Google ads depends upon the quality of content and services. In the scenario of the website, our service will be advertised on different websites based on the preference we give to the Google ads. Most appropriate choice in this case is to give the Google ads of the website on the student learning outlets like essay help websites, science websites, research based websites, Slide sharing websites and mathematical problem solving websites. Because of these ads, the students will come to know that they can get help from our website in the academic domain and thus the traffic on our website will increase and more people will use our services. Pricing Cost-per-click (CPC) This option is more econ omical because we will only have to pay to Google when someone will click our ad, this we can also maintain a track of our website traffic and can change the package if it is not being proved to be productive. Normally Google charges around 1$ to 1.5$ per click on the ad in this scenario, average cost per click is the best option because the ads can be given different rate depending upon the media outlets. In average cost per click, the cost can get low as compared to absolute click cost. The other option is the geographic advertising known as Google places in which the service is displayed with the exact location. This option has the benefit that the customer can have the confidence that the potential service really exists and he contacts the service provider immediately. The cost of Google places is high and charged in advance by the Google. The packages are given according to the web rankings and the billing is increased when this threshold payment is increased. The initial billi ng threshold is of 50$ which is used for one month and full advertisement is done. After one month, the cost is increased to 200$ but the span of web rankings in increased drastically. In the scenario of the website, the initial package of 50$ is enough. The third option is the banner advertisement and this can be very effective in online educational services website scenario because mostof the students visit popular websites like Yahoo, alta

General Patton leadership during war Research Paper

General Patton leadership during war - Research Paper Example Defeat in a war not only means political and also cultural loss of a nation but also massive loss of youth life with no purpose gained. A war commander’s purpose is to visualize enemy’s approach and accordingly formulate strategies to achieve victory on the battlefield. For this, he has to efficiently and effectively communicate his visions and missions to his subordinates. An able commander is largely responsible for a nation’s success or failure in a war (Sanderson, 1997, pp.1-2). This paper explores the leadership strategies and attitude of one of the most renowned American war commandant George S. Patton Jr. Considered as one of the most successful military men of all times, General George Smith Patton, Jr. was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He is famous for his commanding power of any war and his strong leadership style. He used to carry pistols with ivory handles and was known for his temper. He showed immense persistence in driving his troops to acquire excellence in their wartime skills. Even during his childhood days, Patton nurtured the dream of becoming a military man, and he never indulged in any other career option. His passion for war and weapons was born from hearing stories of bravery and successful missions about his ancestors who were involved in various wars like the Revolutionary War, the Mexican War and the Civil War. After attending Virginia Military Institute for one year, he completed his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point on June 11, 1909. After that he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the 15th cavalry Regi ment. In the year 1912, George Patton participated in the Olympics that was held in Stockholm. As a representative of the United States, he competed with other rivals in the first Modern Pentathlon. This event initially was open only for military officers, and it was a stringent test to

Real GDP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Real GDP - Coursework Example The overall macroeconomic picture of United Kingdom looks quite bright as the country remained successful in increasing the real GDP growth until 2008 recession which hit the country hard and after almost two decades, the country experienced negative growth in terms of real GDP. Before this recent negative growth rate in GDP, the country in question experienced negative growth in real GDP in 1991 once again due to economic recessionary period. The above chart shows the performance of real GDP of United Kingdom. As it can be seen quite clearly that the country managed a sustainable increase in the real GDP especially experience high growth in the period of 1980-90, but the real GDP showed disappointing results just after 90’s. After the 1993, the country again started to climb highly in terms of real GDP till 2008 recession. Since 2008 recession, the country’s real GDP growth is the slowest in the past 40 years.  Ã‚  Real GDP per capita of United Kingdom has also remai ned increasingly stable even though the population of United Kingdom has also increased. But the country has managed to cover the effect of population increase as well as increased the real GDP alone. In a nutshell, the real GDP per capita of United Kingdom increased in almost in the same manner as that of total real GDP even though the real GDP per capita also incorporated the increasing impact of population. The above chart represents the overall performance of real GDP per capita of United Kingdom. It can be noticed that there are slight downfalls in the curve but the overall curve possesses an increasing trend until the 2008 recessionary period. Since then, the real GDP per capita is on a declining trend mainly due to decrease in the total real GDP supported by the increase in the population. The percentage growth rates for real GDP and real GDP per capita have also been calculated. It can also be observed that growth rate of real GDP has experienced an increasing trend in the p eriod of 1970 – 2009 with the exceptions of initial few year of 70’s, 1991 and lastly 2008. In those mentioned years the macroeconomic growth of United Kingdom remained negative due to the economic depression all around the world. Similar patterns can also be observed with real GDP per capita of United Kingdom in the period in question. Real GDP per capita seems to track its origin i.e. real GDP and followed it almost every year. It can be summarized the United Kingdom has been well above the positive real GDP in the past 40 years which is a good indicator of its overall macroeconomic progress.

Symbiotic Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbiotic Relationship - Essay Example Essentially, this relationship puts emphasis on giving equal effort, since the long-term survival of the above relation leads to both parties surveillance. Coen narrates that ascoglossan placida is herbivorous algae and weakens the abundance and existence of placida on codium. Hitherto, here the placida is an example of a crustacean that protects the codium from predation, hence, symbiotic relation. Eventually this leads to more production of the algae since it reduces the predation of placida on the algae. Ultimately, the algae get protection from placida. Notably, he argues that even though ascoglossanas predates on the seaweeds, molluscan acts as a conservative factor and undergoes stimulation by the non-food algae. Amusingly, polyps cannot move away from their home, which is limestone, and so they feed stagnantly during the night. Zooxanthellae are water algae that live in the tissues of polyps, and usually use the available sunlight to make food. Surprisingly, the shape of coral s results in their surrounding (Coen, 1988). Strong or even weak waves can deform corals’ shape. Eventually, the rising of the coral forms a lagoon, which will fall forming a toll, which becomes molluscan shelter. Glynn, in his book entitled â€Å"Herbivore by crabs and the control of algal epibionts on Caribbean host corals† is herein concerned with how corals provided shelter to crustaceans. That epiphytes provides shelter by giving a cool and moist microhabitat in the presence of low tides in the sea. As much as providing of shelter is met, this epiphyte has many branches that provide security to the small slugs, hence, safe from predation (Glynn, 1983).Anemones, which are sea inhabitants, do relate with the corals. Anemone fishes relate symbiotically with the clownfish whereby the tentacles of the anemone make a good refuge with the fishes in conjunction with its eggs. On the other hand, anemone fishes behave as scare parasites, like butterfly fishes, from their ho st (Lassig, 1977). Moreover, bryozoans usually encrust the reefs by cementing the reefs using their branching colonies on the skeleton of the reefs. A variety of worms, like the polychaetes and the flatworms, find a good home in the reef. Furthermore, crevices in the reef make a critical home for flatworms. Ecosystems consisting of reefs form a diverse environment that inhibits different species collectively. Similarly, Stachowicz puts emphasis on the same shelter relationship and briefs that the ascoglossan’s gets the benefit of refuge and so gets shelter from the epiphytes (Stachowicz, 1999). Stier notes that red snapping shrimps, alphes armatus and the bartholomea annulata have a good symbiotic nature whereby the bartholomea annulata although habitats in shallow water mutual relationship is essential. Since the b.annulata have powerful jaws, they tend to scare the predators against cnidarians, while on the other hand the cnidarians provide shelter to shrimps. Apparently, a well-known example of the crustaceans is the shrimps and the crabs. The mechanism that the crustacean has for protection over its predators is as below: skeleton, which is very hard and has the name carapace, is primarily the organism’s body armor. This keeps away hungry predators that have the ability to bite on them. Periodically, moult phase is the only time that crustacean may be exposable to attack. Lobsters and crabs have a set of gigantic pincers that protect them from predators. In addition, the lobster has a tough biting claw that usually protects it from other animals’ attack, human being inclusive. Stachowicz, J.J narrates the relationship of the Alpheus lotteni with the corals pocillopora damicornis. Symbiosis relationship here is evident as

Pick 3 topics, each topic has only 1 paragraph with more than 10 Essay

Pick 3 topics, each topic has only 1 paragraph with more than 10 sentences i guess. so it will be 3 paragraphs - Essay Example The formation of gangs in schools, and the related violence and rivalry, is reduced by the absence of gang-identified clothes. At the same time, uniforms eliminate expensive items of clothing which lead to jealousy and theft. The secure school environment established by a uniform dress code creates an atmosphere of sharing which in turn leads to increased self-esteem. School uniforms contribute to the development of self-esteem in public school students. This is an off-shoot of the fact that self-esteem is significantly linked to attire in the case of most adolescents. This is largely because clothes are an indication of the student’s economic background. The difference in dress leads to the differentiation between rich and poor students. As clothes make a statement, student identities become linked to their clothes. Those who are unable to keep up with the latest fashion trends risk being teased by their wealthier peers. There is also the risk of teachers being unconsciously influenced by the affluence of students as reflected by their clothes. This many lead to differential treatment of students in class. A uniform dress code eliminates differences based on the student’s home environment and gives students the opportunity to be judged completely on the basis of their abilities. The resulting increase in self-esteem leads to improv ed academic performance. Academic performance is improved by a uniform dress code as the distraction of dressing fashionably for school is eliminated. Conflict with parents over what constitutes appropriate attire for school is also avoided. As there is no need to spend time on choosing clothes and accessories for school every morning, there is more time for study at home. At the same time, punctuality, and attendance at the first classroom session in schools, is improved. As uniforms eliminate the need for school teachers to monitor student’s attire, more time

Philosophy of life Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of life Essay I do not come from the world of development as such I do not have work examples to share. I have many situations in my professional life I can think of where issues related to ethics are of importance. What life has told me that very often the answer is I do not know and that Ethics is very often a luxury that is not understood. Ounce at worked in a new job, in a financial software sales position I was in my first week† offered† a woman. see more:what is your philosophy of life By this I mean, it was a fellow female colleague who was known to be available and instead of working made sure to have â€Å"interactions† with some of male colleagues. I was literally told that she was available and that I should go for it. She in the next few days, quite clearly spent time around my desk and it was rather obvious what was expected of me. Since I decided not to sleep with her, I put myself in a difficult situation, I had literally to look at porn in the office and made sure other guys saw it and make many sexist and homophobic ( I am for gay rights) statements so at no time it could be thought I was gay. ( which I am not) How do you deal with a situation like this? I considered that for obvious moral reasons to have sexual intercourse with her was sick, still society told me it is the opposite. By following my own code of values I did create a difficult work environment for myself. Ethics sometimes can be a luxury. In another situation I was asked to fire someone who had done nothing wrong because that individual: happened to be the ex-assistant of the preceding ceo/founder of the company and that new ceo was unhappy of the business arrangement they had made and the only way he could get revenge was by firing her. Of course, he did not have the balls to do this so he asked me to do it. I decided not to do it. I was aware that the boyfriend of this assistant was out of work, I did try to push her to work harder so she resented me for it. She was not aware of what was happening. The ceo that hired me resented me for not doing do. I was in a difficult situation. Yes this was a toxic environment and I left very quickly from this company (she did get fired so my attitude changed nothing). Again, ethics/confrontation to reality, often do conflict. I happened to be at a time to have the financial means that allowed me to say no. Still, I paid the price for my choice. More when I think about ethics, my vision is that we all have only a certain number of â€Å"right† choices we can allow ourselves in our life and that the rest of the time we just need to follow the herd. Sadly, trying to do the right thing, trying to follow a certain way of interacting is just not possible. People behave within their existing environment and the code that comes with it and human mediocrity is everywhere. Yes, I still do value a â€Å"healthy† outlook on how I want to interact with others, still life has told me that often it is just not possible. I have other stories similar to the one discussed. I have leant from life that people lie to themselves and can tell themselves many stories that justify their conduct and by repeating it again and again they can convince themselves about it. Sadly, my view of ethics is that it is of importance in one’s personal life and should try to be implemented in one’s professional life, sadly often it cannot be done. Human stupidity, arrogance of the little man who wants his power recognized are much strong elements to be acknowledge in one’s decision process. Words like integrity, fairness often have many different meanings. We all live in bubbles where what is right and wrong can be learnt and real life is not what is taught at University. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Assessment Of The Iranian Contra Affair Politics Essay

Assessment Of The Iranian Contra Affair Politics Essay The Iran-Contra affair was a controversial political scandal that dealt with senior US figures who had been facilitating the sale of arms to Iran, that was under an arms embargo, to secure the release of the hostages and to fund the Nicaraguan anticommunist rebel contras. While these two scandals were unconnected the contras would not have been able to be funded without the cash flow that the Iranian weapons money created. The operation began as a way to improve U.S. -Iranian relations during a time of extreme turmoil between the countries. The plan was to ship weapons to Israel who would in turn give them to a relatively moderate politically influential group of Iranians. Israel would in turn be resupplied and receive a payment from them. In return for the arms the Iranian recipients had promised to do everything in their power to have the 6 U.S. hostages, who were being held captive by the Lebanese Shia Islamist group Hezbollah. The plan eventually was broken down to a direct arms- for-hostages scheme that came to light in November of 1986 during the Reagan-Bush administration. Although November of 1986 is when the scandal came to light the origins came about seven years earlier in November of 1979 when nearly 500 Iranian students took over the American embassy taking 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. This was important because it was an earmark of one of the first major conflicts with the country of Iran. (Historycommons.org) Then in early 1980 the Israeli government proposed a deal to secretly sell arms to Iran as a means to gain diplomatic ground and a way to get the 52 hostages released, however President Carter angrily declines. The Israeli government then went on with the plan by themselves secretly supplying weapons to Iran shortly after. With the change in presidency from Carter to Reagan the US geared up to begin the shipment of arms to Iran through Israel. This however was illegal due to the Arms export act, which requires written permission from the U.S. for a nation, in this case Israel to transfer U.S. made arms to a third party. (Jonathanpoll ard.org) In a popular conspiracy theory, the October Surprise is said that Ronald Reagan conspired with the Islamic Republic of Iran to beat Jimmy Carter in the 1980 U.S. presidential election. The deal was apparently to have the Khomeini government keep the U.S. hostages at the U.S. embassy in Tehran until after the election, damaging Carters candidacy, afterwards Reagan would reward them with armaments. (danielpipes.org) This theory gained little notoriety due to it being relatively unbelievable until the Iran-Contra scandal came to light in 1986. After the commanding victory over President Jimmy Carter Reagan is sworn in to office and all 52 hostages are released ending the 444 days of captivity. (Danielpipes.org) The new Administration publicly maintained a hard line against Iran, a nation with little popularity due to the hostage taking and the murder of the CIA station Chief. Reagans Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, was quoted saying, Let me state categorically today there will be no military equipment provided to the government of Iran. However within weeks of this statement senior officials in the administration began putting together a continuing package of secret arms sales to Iran. (jonathanpollard.org) In 1982 Vice President George H. W. Bush asked CIA Agent and national Security Council Official Donald Gregg to serve as his national security adviser and foreign policy adviser who agreed and retired from the CIA. The two worked closely with CIA agent Felix Rodriguez, who was known for the interrogation and eventual execution of revolutionary Che Guevara, to help put together a covert operation to supply the Nicaraguan Contras with money, supplies, and weapons. Rodriguez and North later strike up a deal to divert funds and weapons to the Contras. Rodriguezs job was to set up the servicing of CIA transport planes at the Air Base. Later that year in December the first Boland Amendment restricted government support for Contras; the bill restricted US humanitarian aid to the Contras, and prohibited the use of U.S. funds for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Nicaragua. However the administration managed to get around the first of the three Boland Amendments by saying their he lp was only designed to force the group in charge, the Sandinistas to come to a peace agreement with the anticommunist Contras, and not to entirely bring the Nicaraguan government down. (spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk) March 17, 1983 the three had a secret meeting in the White House, which resulted in the National Security Council establishing a secret scheme to provide aid to the Contras. Rodriguez was placed in charge of the supply depot and placed at Llopango Air Base in El Salvador. In October of 1985 Congress modified the Boland Amendment by approving to send $27 million in non-lethal aid. (historycommons.org) As a result of this Reagan creates the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office, or the NHAO in the State Department for the purpose of administering the money to the Contras. In the first of the NHAO organizations meetings Oliver North offered the services of Rodriguez to assist in distributing the $27 million in humanitarian aid meant for the Contras. Through the Air Base i n Llopango the legal NHAO and the illegal North fund distribution merge into one secret group. In 1984 Reagan publicly claimed to end aid to the Contras in accordance with the Boland Amendments. However men in his administration continue to support them. Late in 1985 Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams joined the National Security Council and then joined Oliver North and Alan Fliers as the principal members of the Restricted Interagency Group (RIG), which worked on Central American Affairs for the Reagan Administration. Abrams, a large supporter of the anticommunists in Nicaragua became aware of Norths plans to divert Congresss approved 27 million dollars directly to the Contras despite being prohibited to do so. In effect Abrams became directly involved with in the illegal procedures to help the Nicaraguan rebel forces. Unaware of the illegal weapons exchange Congress approved another 100 million dollars for military and non-arms aid to the Contras. (Historycommons.org) In the month of August in 1983 the conservative talk show host Barbara Studley established GeoMiliTech (GMT) Consultants Corporation. After the start of the company a large number of right-wing, high ranking American and Israeli military officials became associated with the company, which had offices in both Washington D.C. and Tel Aviv. The Company began selling arms to Iran through Israel and North Korea. According to several authorities the motives for Israel are clear, which were to have the Iran-Iraq war go on as long as possible and to be as destructive as physically possible, however the motive for the U.S. is much less clear. Many believe that the founding of GMT was the beginning of the arms dealing to Iran by the U.S.. Later in the year the American government started Operation Staunch which asked other countries not to sell arms to Iran in hopes that it would bring peace talks in the Iran-Iraq war. In January of 1984 Iran was officially named a state sponsor of internation al terrorism, because of the large number of militant actions Hezbollah had been committing throughout the Middle East and Europe, a label that has not been lifted to date. In early March 1984 CIA Station Chief in Beirut, William Buckley, was kidnapped by the Muslim organization Islamic Jihad. Buckley would die in 1985 after 15 months of captivity. Buckleys kidnapping along with at least five others was a cited reason for the arms dealing to Iran, which spurred such controversy. (Historycommons.org) On May 8, 1984 the American reverend Benjamin Weir became the first in a string of kidnappings by Hezbollah in Beirut. He was held captive until September 1985, allegedly only being released due to the Israeli arms sales to Iran during the same year. In August of 1984 the National Security Advisor McFarlane asks the United States government to reconsider Iran as a sponsor for terrorism, but is denied. In December Peter Kilburn, a professor at the American University of Beirut became the second victim of kidnapping by Hezbollah militants, later to be murdered in 1986 for the US military strikes against Libya. In January of 1985 the second American pastor, Fri ar Lawrence Jenco, was kidnapped by the Hezbollah and would not be freed until July of 1986. The militant group Hezbollah kidnapped three more men in 1985, including reporter Terry Anderson, hospital administrator David Jacobsen, and an employee of Beiruts American University Thomas Sutherland, all of the men would eventually be released. Anderson was held hostage for seven years, which was considerably longer than any other American captive, and was released in 1991 due to the end of the civil war in Lebanon. (Nytimes.com) On June 11, 1985 the pro-Iran and pro-Iraq factions inside the White House met a boiling point when Robert McFarlanes National Security Council staff drafts the presidential directive supporting America helping Iran obtain weapons, whereas the opposing side headed by Secretary of State George Shultz and Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger remarked that the directive was almost too absurd to comment onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However the arms-for-hostage deal went on as planned even with the strong objections by Shultz and Weinberger. After the Iranian sponsored Hezbollah kidnapped two more Americans, Reagan makes the statement that Iran is in a confederation of terrorist statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a new, international version of Murder Incorporated. And also went on record as saying, America will never make concessions to terrorists. Although privately authorizing his National Security Advisor, McFarlane, to make contact with Iran. McFarlanes plan was to win influence in Iran by helping it win in its war with Iraq. Reagan believed that the improvement in relations would help in the release of American hostages held in Lebanon by the Iran backed Hezbollah. (Nytimes.com) In July of 1985 Israeli representatives met with Iranian arms merchant Manucher Ghorbanifar for the first time to discuss brokering the United States-Iranian arms deal authorized by President Reagan, during this meeting the plan to have Israel sell arms to Iran while having America replenish Israeli stockpiles on weapons. (pbs.org) On August 6, 1985 Reagan hosted a meeting in the White House having to do with the arms-for-hostage deal with Iran, and is allegedly told by McFarlane that the Iranians will see to it that the Hezbollah in return for U.S. and Israeli arms will release four American hostages. Later that year in August Israel sent 96 TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran, however no hostages were released. In September, the now ex-National Security Advisor McFarlane takes twenty-three tons of weapons to Iran . (pbs.org) In September America had its first success in the arms-for-hostages arrangement, where Israel sold 500 U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles to Iran. As a result of the sale Iran released American hostage Benjamin Weir after over a year of captivity. In November of 1985 the CIA sent 18 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles on a CIA fronted plane to Iran by way of Israel only to have the Iranians reject the missiles because they did not meet their requirements after test firing. After the transfer of weapons the deputy director of the CIA, John McMahon, reportedly said that the agency could no longer provide covert assistance to Iran without written permission by president Reagan himself. Not even a month later Reagan agrees and authorizes the sale of missiles from that point on as well as retroactively. However that document was destroyed nearly a year later. (Nytimes.com) A day after the president signed the arms-for-hostages deal the pro-Iraq defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger warne d Reagan that There was no way in which this kind of transfer could be made if that particular act governed. However the president felt that the American public could not forgive him if he were not able to save the American hostages lives due to legality. (Jonathanpollard.org) Oliver North, the National Security Council, or NSC staffer who handled the Iran-Contra dealings told the Israeli Defense Ministry officials that he would use the profits from any future arms sales to Iran to directly fund the anti-communist freedom fighters Contras. In early 1986 North set up a network that illegally diverted funds from the Iranian arms sale to the Nicaraguan Contras by using the Bank of Credit and Commerce International, or the BCCI to channel the money to the Contras. The arms money from Iran was sent from the White House controlled account to Saudi Arabia to hide the origins and then deposited into the BCCI bank account controlled by the Nicaraguan rebel leader Adolfo Calero. In January of 1986 several White House officials met including Vice President George H. W. Bush, President Ronald Reagan, Secretary of State George Shultz, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, and CIA Director William Casey to discuss whether or not the U.S. should continue on with the ar ms-for-hostages dealings with Iran. Weinberger and Shultz are as they have been from the very beginning against any and all dealings with the terrorist state of Iran. Bush did not express an opinion either way, however later that month President Reagan will sign the authorization needed for the U.S. to allow Israel to sell 4,000 U.S.-made antitank missiles. According to several White House officials both the President and Vice president believed, that supporting Iran thwarts Soviet plans for Middle East domination, and by his own personal sorrow over the plight of the hostages. With the 1986 elections coming up however there were plenty of political reasons to continue with the arms dealings in hope that the hostages would be released before the November elections. Many of the chief facilitators admitted to the political concerns, saying that they had to meet a deadline on releasing the hostages. The U.S. actually tried to make an ultimatum saying that all hostages would have to be released in order to receive the antitank missiles, however Iran refused which caused a deadlock, which lasted for nearly a month. (Jonathanpollard.org) When the deadlock ended in late February the U.S. sent between 1500-2000 TOW antitank missiles to Israel who in turn sent them to Iran. At this time Oliver North diverted $12 million in money from the arms sale in Iran to the Nicaraguan Contra leader by way of the BCCI. At this time Gene Wheaton, a co-owner to a cargo airline, National Air, was being enlisted by North to help fly in supplies and arms to the Contras. Wheaton tentatively agreed until he became informed that the retired General Richard Secord would be involved in the affair. Wheaton had a personal dispute with Secord over a government contract dealing with humanitarian aid to insurgents such as Mujaheddin of Afghanistan and the Nicaraguan Contras. With Secord in the picture Wheaton refused to go along with the plan and actually went to William Casey, head of the CIA. H owever, Casey does little to nothing over the issue saying that it was not of government concern. Wheaton then notified several reporters of the San Francisco Examiner of the dealings. In mid-September of 1986 the U.S. was planning on forcing Iran to trade hostages for arms. The plan seemed to work until the Lebanese militant Hezbollah group controlled by Iran simply kidnapped more Americans after the release of other hostages. In October the U.S. puts pressure on Iraq to increase bombings in Iran to create a greater need of military assistance by America. This plan began to work when Iraq in fact increased the bombings but the arms-for-hostages dealing was exposed in a Lebanese newspaper as well as some U.S. papers. With the public aware of the potentially criminal acts committed by the Reagan administration support for any more weapons dealings collapses. After the information was leaked most of the pro-Iranian faction inside the White House left office leaving a large pro-Iraqi side which would remain in power until Reagans term was over. In the last months of the administration U.S. military and economic aid for Iraq met an all-time high even giving Iraq the te chnology for long-range ballistic missile, chemical weapons, and even nuclear weapons. (Jonathanpollard.org) On October 5, 1986 a CIA transport plane carrying weapons and supplies for the Contras was shot down by the Sandinista, which brought the U.S. connection to the Contras to light. The Nicaraguan Sandinistas exposed the United States after interrogating the sole survivor of the plane crash, Eugene Hasenfus, who said that he had made ten other deliveries to Nicaragua including six from Llopango. (Nytimes.com) All government officials at that time lied about any involvement in the illegal support of the Contras. Both the story of the arms-for-hostages deal in the Lebanese paper and the CIA transport plane being shot down exposed the dirty dealings the Reagan administration had been committing beginning the Iran-Contra scandal. In Reagans address to the nation speech he denied the allegations of any arms sales to Iran, however he does admit to honorable involvement, such as to renew relations with that nation, to bring an end to the Iran-Iraq war, to eliminate Irans sponsorship of terrorism, and to effect the release of the US hostages being imprisoned by Hezbollah. (reagan.utexas.edu) Later when the facts came to light Reagan and several other senior officials stated that all of the Iranian negotiations were on a strict need to know basis, and that the appropriate Congressmen were notified and informed properly. (reagan.utexas.edu) However an investigation was done on the dealings but a large amount of information was destroyed, and many stated that Attorney General Edwin Meese, who was in c harge of the investigation, was not interested in finding the facts since he refused help from the FBI and did not take notes in his interviews. Oliver North, whom many believe as the mastermind of the operation held several shredding parties at that time to destroy thousands of documents that would likely implicate White House officials in criminal acts. The Iran-Contra investigation later faulted Meese for not using standard investigating techniques. However Meese finds a document that verifies the $12 million that was diverted from the arms dealings in Iran to the Contras in Oliver Norths desk. Meese notified Reagan about the diversion of funds, and tells several senior officials about the acts. Reagan realized that he could actually be impeached on the grounds that they broke the Boland Amendment, but Meese allegedly created a case for deniability for the president. In late November Meese revealed the Iran-Contra funding connection, Oliver North is immediately fired, while other officials are forced to resign. In December Reagan appointed former Texas Senator John Tower to head a commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair. The investigation lasted for three months. In January of 1987 Reagan admitted to authorizing the sale of missiles to Iran in front of the Tower Commission. A day before the head of the CIA, William Casey, is set to testify before the Senate on the affair he has two seizures and is hospitalized, later dying of brain cancer making him unable to testify. The Tower Commission found that the Iran-Contra affair was a rogue operation and that Reagan himself was largely unaware of the dealings. The majority report cam out in November of 1987 stating that the clandestine financing operation undermined the powers of Congress as a coequal branch and subverted the Constitution. Although no major reforms would come as a result of the majority report. Four men were indicted on multiple felony charges as a result of it including: former National Security Advisor John Poindexter, Oliver North, Richard Secord, and Albert Hakim. North and Poindexter are both convicted and sentenced to jail time, however both convictions are overturned. In the end no high-ranking public official was found guilty of anything more than perjuring themselves in front of Congress, however the Iran-Contra scandal tarnished the reputation of many. This scandal seems to disprove that justice is indeed blind in this country, since many high ranking officials with even more powerful allies were guilty of committing serious crimes but were never punished because of who they knew. I feel that this is an incident that should be remembered for many years, and hopefully it will never be repeated.

Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour

Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour Compare and contrast social and biological accounts of the causes of aggressive behaviour. Aggression is defined as: (a) ‘a quality of anger and determination that makes you ready to attack other people’; (b) ‘violent and attacking behaviour’ (Collins, 2003). Whereas love, friendship and affiliation are positive, adaptive and constructive social influences, aggression is associated with violence, antisocial behaviour and destruction. Examples of aggressive behaviour range from arguments, to road rage, terrorism and war. Aggression then is physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another person. This work examines aggressive behaviour in terms of biological and social-learning processes providing theoretical and research evidence. Ethologists like Konrad Lorenz (2002) have identified several human behaviours, including aggression, that allow animals to gather and keep the fundamental resources for survival, mating, reproducing and caring for children. Discovering, taking and holding a territory provides the background on which the life cycle occurs. Many animals engage in territorial signalling to defend their territory mostly for mating and feeding purposes. Territorial signalling is adaptive because it prevents potentially destructive aggressive behaviours. The majority of animal aggression is due to mating, therefore, natural selection predisposes animals towards aggressive behaviour. Male and female animals compete for mates and patterns of sexual behaviour help us understand various form of aggressive behaviour. Nevertheless, psychologists disagree about which of these biological inferences of other animals are relevant to humans. Evolutionary psychologists claim that they do apply to humans and postulate that territorial behaviour exists both in humans and in animals for the same reasons (Barkow, Cosmides Tooby, 1992). Most adults attempt to restrict their mate’s sexual activities, using territorial signalling and emotional displays. For example, jealousy and aggression during courtship and mating are seen in arguments (territorial signalling) and physical fighting (when signalling fails). This is obvious in that men in many cultures and subcultures continue to think of their wives as property – part of the territory they defend. Furthermore, comparison studies of identical twins that were brought up together and apart reveal a genetic effect on aggression. Twin studies (Miles Carey, 1997; Rowe, Almeida Jacobson, 1999) and the existence of gender differences (Buss Perry, 1992; Loeber Hay, 1997) support the idea that genes predispose a person towards being aggressive. The presence of the male hormone testosterone is also related to aggression. Laboratory experiments with mice and monkeys have shown that castration both lowers the levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour. Contrary, the administration of testosterone to castrated animals and normal animals increase aggressive behaviour. Moreover, males who have been imprisoned for violent crimes and who are more violent than others while imprisoned, have higher testosterone levels than less violent prisoners (Dabbs, Carr, Frady Riad, 1995). In order to be able to decide effectively whether children learn aggressive behaviour, the theories of aggression which claim that it is an innate capacity will be considered. The view that aggression is innate comes from the fact that few parents actually teach their children to be aggressive. However, Bandura’s (1971) early work indicated that children who have seen another person behaving aggressively will be increasingly likely to demonstrate aggressive behaviour. Later he proposed that aggression is actually something we learn to demonstrate because it seems to be useful to us. The likelihood of children imitating the behaviour will increase if they see the person being rewarded (reinforced) for their aggression by getting what they want. For example, a child who has become a very aggressive bully at school because he has learned that he will get what he wants. Where has he learned to be aggressive? Bandura (1971) argues that children learn by seeing others behaving aggre ssively during their childhood, or adolescence, through their own experience of being bullied or through observation of the media. Knowing that we learn by observation is relevant to what we see on television. A number of studies have been conducted to discover whether television and cinema violence really does result in violent behaviour. Bandura (1971) reported that children who watched a video of other children punching an inflated stand-up toy (a ‘Bobo doll’) were more likely than others to behave in the same way when given the opportunity. In a follow-up to Bandura’s studies, children who watched ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ later imitated these character’s Karate kicks and mimicked their violent acts during play sessions with peers (Boyatzis, Matillo Nesbitt, 1995). Considering boys play which tends to include wrestling and fighting, Geary (1999) has claimed that play patterns represent an evolved adaptation that prepares boys for hunting and primitive warfare. Several researchers have reported short-term effects of television violence: young children (Singer Singer, 1986) and adolescents (Wood et al., 1991) behaved more aggressively immediately after watching a violent TV program. The causes of their immediate changes in behaviour were probably a result of heightened arousal and desensitisation from repeated viewings (Gunter McAleer, 1990). Overall, however, research results have been equivocal, suggesting to some psychologists that TV violence may cause less harm than first suspected (McGuire, 1986). Furthermore, environmental influences have been viewed as determinants of aggression. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, a person is more likely to become aggressive when frustrated; therefore, aggression is a predictable response to frustration (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower Sears, 1939). This theory, though, by itself does not predict aggressive behaviour but, for example, hot weather makes people uncomfortable and this result into some people behaving aggressively. Triandis (1994) claimed that the relationship between heat and violence is confounded by the gap between rich and poor and by single parent families. On the whole, research evidence supports that both biological and social learning approaches explain aggressive behaviour as internal and external influences respectively. Twin studies and differences in the way boys and girls play indicate a strong biological foundation for aggressive behaviour. People with higher levels of testosterone are more aggressive than those with lower levels. In addition, heat, poor economic conditions and TV violence are all associated with increases in violent behaviour. Nevertheless, it has been argued that some cultures are more aggressive than others. A person is 80 percent less likely to be murdered in Canada than in the United States (United Nations, 1997). The socio-biological approach postulates that genes interact with culture to produce unique examples of aggressive behaviour. References Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Boyatzis, C. J., Matillo G.M. Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of the ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25, 45-55. Buss, A. H. Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 42-459. Collins, Cobuild (2003). Advanced learners English dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. Cosmides, L. Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Dabbs, J. M., Carr, T. S., Frady R. L . Riad, J. K. (1995). Testosterone, crime and misbehaviour among 692 male prison inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 627-633. Dollard, J., Doob, L.W., Miller, N. E., Mower O.H. Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. Geary, D. C. (1999). Evolution and developmental sex differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 115-120. Gunter, B. McAleer, J. (1990). Children and television: the one-eyed monster. London: Routledge. Konrad, L. (2002). Man Meets Dog. London: Routledge. Loeber, R. Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371-410. Miles, D. R. Carey, G. (1997). Genetics and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207-217. Rowe, D. C., Almeida D. M. Jacobson, K. C. (1999). School context and genetic influences on aggression in adolescence. Psychological Science, 10, 277-280. Singer, J. L. Singer, D. G. (1986). Family experiences and television viewing as predictors of children’s imagination, restlessness and aggression. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 7-28. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill. United Nations (1997). Information. United Nations Statistics Division. Available: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm Wood, W., Wong, F. Chachere J. G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewer’s aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383.

Pursuit of the American Dream in Catch Me If You Can and Blow Essay

Pursuit of the American Dream in â€Å"Catch Me If You Can† and â€Å"Blow† â€Å"Catch Me If You Can† is a true story based on a man who cheated large corporations out of their money, after growing up in a small town in poverty. â€Å"Blow† is very similar in that it is based on the true events of a man who worked the drug cartel for millions of dollars, after growing up with his parents in the slums. The main characters in these films both use two different schemes to accomplish the same goal, which is the â€Å"American Dream,† after being far from it during childhood. Based on the true story of Frank Abagnale Jr, â€Å"Catch Me If You Can† tells of a successful con artist who managed to pass himself off as several identities for personal gain. During high school, Frank Abagnale Jr. idolized his father, who was constantly in trouble with the IRS. When his parents separate, he runs away to Manhattan with $25 in his pocket. Frank is determined to regain his dad's losses and get his parents back together. Just a few years later, the FBI tracks him down in France. He's extradited, tried, and jailed for passing more than $2,000,000 in bad checks. Along the way, he had successfully posed as a Pan Am pilot, a pediatrician, and an attorney. Also, from nearly the beginning of this life of crime, he's been continuously pursued by an FBI agent, Carl Hanratty. George Jung is the son of a struggling small business owner. Seeing his family struggle to make ends meet and failing, George promises himself never to share a similar fate. Moving to California, he starts his own pot pushing operation in which he finds himself at both success and downfall. In prison, he meets a cellmate who introduces him into a partnership to the new market of co... ...men cheated the system and gained large amounts of profit while at it. Along with their sudden rise to power, both characters have their own downfalls. Frank Abagnale Jr. doesn’t have it so bad, as instead of serving his sentence behind bars, he works with the man who caught him. To this day he helps find over 80% of the fraudulent checks being passed through the system. George Jung is in jail and is coming out in the near future. All in all, both characters have made large impacts on the American Society, as they are famous for their devious actions. These men both grew up in poor areas where their family constantly had struggles, and instead of getting passed it, both tell themselves never to be like that again. Both men had the right idea to make it in life, but went about it in different ways, which were very similar, and produced the same outcome; punishment.

Expeditions to Antarctica and Annapurna Essay -- Comparison, Shackleto

When taking a quick look at the two expeditions, one led by Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica and the other led by Arlene Blum to climb Annapurna, a quick summation can be made that Blum succeeded in her expedition and Shackleton failed. But this is a shallow view, not considering the nuances and actual experiences of the trips. Ernest Shackleton set out with his crew in 1915 to be the first expedition to cross Antarctica, but in fact, he never set foot on the continent. While failing at his initial goal, he was a highly successful leader and kept his 28 men safe for close to two years, while they were trapped on the ice floe and then, after the ice gave way, when they were paddling hundreds of miles across open seas in small, wooden lifeboats. He then completed the treacherous journey across South Georgia Island to reach a town and resources necessary to rescue his other men. All of his men were rescued alive and safe and all were able to return home to their families. In compar ison, Arlene Blum set out from the United States in 1978 with 9 of her teammates as the American Women's Himalayan Expedition – the first all-woman group to attempt to climb Annapurna. Though their expedition was too often hazardous, it didn’t have the same level of urgency, because at any point during their climb, the group was at liberty to descend. Blum struggled with her role as the leader of this group of highly independent women. She too often hesitated and showed her lack of confidence, which in turn led to many problems within the group and with the hired Sherpas. On October 15th, 1978, two members of the expedition, along with two Sherpas, reached the summit of Annapurna, fulfilling the goal of the group. However, two days later, on Octobe... ...ew to the path of being trapped by the ice, he excelled at his decision making. He didn’t believe that one should look back at past mistakes and waste time on regrets, indeed, â€Å"Shackleton never wasted time or energy lamenting things that had passed or that he couldn’t change (Morell, pp. 145).† As Shackleton himself said, â€Å"A man must shape himself to a new mark directly the old one goes to ground (Morell, pp. 145).† This ability to shift quickly and react to new circumstances served him and his crew members well and allowed all of them to save themselves from their icy trap. As Dennis Perkins says in his book, Leading at the Edge, in reference to the last leg of Shackleton’s expedition, â€Å"Their heroic journey across South Georgia Island had saved their shipmates. It remains a tribute to unremitting effort—and to the tenacious creativity at The Edge (pp. 148).† Expeditions to Antarctica and Annapurna Essay -- Comparison, Shackleto When taking a quick look at the two expeditions, one led by Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica and the other led by Arlene Blum to climb Annapurna, a quick summation can be made that Blum succeeded in her expedition and Shackleton failed. But this is a shallow view, not considering the nuances and actual experiences of the trips. Ernest Shackleton set out with his crew in 1915 to be the first expedition to cross Antarctica, but in fact, he never set foot on the continent. While failing at his initial goal, he was a highly successful leader and kept his 28 men safe for close to two years, while they were trapped on the ice floe and then, after the ice gave way, when they were paddling hundreds of miles across open seas in small, wooden lifeboats. He then completed the treacherous journey across South Georgia Island to reach a town and resources necessary to rescue his other men. All of his men were rescued alive and safe and all were able to return home to their families. In compar ison, Arlene Blum set out from the United States in 1978 with 9 of her teammates as the American Women's Himalayan Expedition – the first all-woman group to attempt to climb Annapurna. Though their expedition was too often hazardous, it didn’t have the same level of urgency, because at any point during their climb, the group was at liberty to descend. Blum struggled with her role as the leader of this group of highly independent women. She too often hesitated and showed her lack of confidence, which in turn led to many problems within the group and with the hired Sherpas. On October 15th, 1978, two members of the expedition, along with two Sherpas, reached the summit of Annapurna, fulfilling the goal of the group. However, two days later, on Octobe... ...ew to the path of being trapped by the ice, he excelled at his decision making. He didn’t believe that one should look back at past mistakes and waste time on regrets, indeed, â€Å"Shackleton never wasted time or energy lamenting things that had passed or that he couldn’t change (Morell, pp. 145).† As Shackleton himself said, â€Å"A man must shape himself to a new mark directly the old one goes to ground (Morell, pp. 145).† This ability to shift quickly and react to new circumstances served him and his crew members well and allowed all of them to save themselves from their icy trap. As Dennis Perkins says in his book, Leading at the Edge, in reference to the last leg of Shackleton’s expedition, â€Å"Their heroic journey across South Georgia Island had saved their shipmates. It remains a tribute to unremitting effort—and to the tenacious creativity at The Edge (pp. 148).†

Pakistan-Vietnam Comparison Essay

Introduction Vietnam and Pakistan are two different nations displaying a broad spectrum of cultural values that these nations observe in their politics, economics, social and environmental domains. My study gave me an opportunity to learn about cultural comparisons between the two countries on a macro level which involve not only contrasts but incredible similarities and eventually how these 2 different societies have come out in past 50 years merely due to their cultures, behaviours and actions taken. Culture is one of the key Performance Indicator that builds up a country and displays the frame of mind of the respective nation. The Colonial Occupation & Cold War Era Pakistan and Vietnam share a similar background of colonial occupation. Pakistan appeared on the map of the world in 1947 after a long struggle against the British Occupation and then as a result of Sub-continent partition. The British had left behind a system which was later embraced by both Pakistan and India especially in the area of politics and education. As elaborated by (Marilyn. B. Young,2002), Vietnam was once a French Colony from 1861 till 1954. In contrast to Pakistan, The French colonial system had less impact on the Vietnamese society since before the French, Vietnam had been under strong influence of China therefore the Vietnamese culture has deep connections with the Chinese culture. Even during French occupation, China continued to have influences and links in Northern Vietnam. It was not surprising that Vietnam later emerged as a communist state. (Marilyn. B. Young,2002) explains Vietnam War as one of the most prominent cold war that started in 1963 when Ngo Dinh Diem was assassinated in South Vietnam and National Liberation Front (NLF) started to operate in that region. NLF was strongly supported by North Vietnam establishment. This movement sparked the attention of the United States and then began the infamous involvement of the US army that resulted in 2 million Vietnamese causalities. During this phase Vietnam was in complete disorder and civil unrest was observed in the most hideous form. The war left the nation with horrifying memories and shattered economy. Pakistan though has not faced Cold War directly like Vietnam but it had a major impact on its society due to the Afghanistan Cold War which erupted as a result of Russian assault. Millions of Afghan Refugees flocked to Pakistan for shelter along with some undesirable elements that infiltrated which brought drugs and weapons into the country. By the end of Cold War and Taliban taking over Afghanistan, Pakistani nation was left with bigger challenges to face, both political and economic in nature. Most of the Afghan Refugees didn’t leave but they contributed in country’s economy by establishing businesses in the textile & transportation industry. In Pakistan around 1. 5 million Afghanis are living adding diversity in Pakistan’s cultural scene. It is very interesting to see how involvement of other nations like stated above can impact a country’s various cultural domains which we will discuss in following topics 1) Politics 2) Economy, and 3) Other Cultural Aspects. Politics One of the elements that Pakistan adopted from British colonial was the ‘Parliamentarian’ system. The system however is extremely mutated where power is concentrated at the Federal level and is centralized. Provisional autonomy is inadequate when it comes to distribution of wealth & natural resources with no accountability. The power distance has created an imbalance in the society and among the provinces which has given rise to biased approach by the people to support and elect parties that speak their language and belong to their provinces with a belief that if they elect politicians in the Federal government from their own region, they will get the due attention to the problems in their area. This has given rise to multiple regional political parties. The Politicians exploit the regional associations of the people who are divided based on ethnic background and language. All parties in Pakistan belong to elite families which continue to elect their own family members within the party without consultation with rest of the party members. High Collectivism is observed among the elite and the ruling groups to support common interests. The society shows high individualism by mostly supporting individuals of the political parties based on their regional or language affiliations. In contrast, the society shows high collectivism on religious matters and other national issues like Kashmir whereby society unites for the cause irrespective of race, language or ethnicity. The Political System failed miserably due to frequent intervention of the Military and mainly due to the feudalistic attitudes of the politicians and government. On top of this bureaucracy is working for the welfare of the elite rather than the people of Pakistan. There is a culture to suppress the under-paid subordinate to get work done by fair or unfair means. This has given rise to corruption throughout the Government & Institutions. Consultation is a far cry when it comes to making decisions on any level. (Wikipedia, 2009) explains Vietnam’s Governing Model which is centralised but is based on a single-party constitution over 58 provinces. The single party is the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV); clearly the Chinese influence has seeped into the Vietnamese Political structure as well. Non party independent candidates are allowed to contest elections. But CPV holds absolute power, an authoritarian regime (Tuong-Vu, 2009) argues, on state level which controls the workings of parliamentary, executive and judicial domains. The party agenda is established by the Politburo which is a 14 member party policy making committee. The President, Prime Minister and General Secretary are members of the Politburo. In contrast to Pakistan, President holds more power as compared to the Prime Minister. For example, in Pakistan the PM has the power to appoint the Army Chief while in Vietnam this decision lies with the President, the Pakistan National Assembly consist of members from multiple parties while majority in Vietnam National Assembly members belong to the CPV etc. In another contrast, there is no visibility of actual opposition party in the Vietnam which has curbed accountability of the ruling party & government officials augmenting corruption. High Collectivism of the CPV is seen in running the country’s political, judicial and economic streams. Same is observed in Pakistan’s government framework. A great positive advancement and signs of individualism for Pakistan in past few years is the independent media and up-rise of the civil society for an independent Judiciary. The media is getting stronger and freedom of speech is on the rise.

Left For Dead Essay

It was a horrific love that I would never want to go through again. At first-class honours degree it was besides a normal night, a puny rough only when nonhing overly major. We were just off the coast of Leyte and Guam when we were film by deuce missiles. At first I was just lying in bed and mentation it was a task with the engines until the desolate post order was given. The abandon ship order is the worst incubus for any seamen.thither was nothing I could do except follow procedures, I woke all the other men that hadnt been woken up yet and we rushed to the deck, grabbed a sustenance jacket and waited until the ship was reason enough to the weewee so that when we jumped we would not die on impact. Hitting water from high enough up is bid hitting concrete. We dove into the water and swam as fast as we can could extraneous from the sinking ship so that we didnt get pulled under from the under tow. formerly we were a safe distance external we hung onto the raft ilk our life depended on it.We had been told that a distress pointal had been move step to the fore and that it would only be a couple of hours before help arrived. several(prenominal) hours later there was still no help and the first sign of sharks was when whizz of the singles was attacked and taken down within a matter of seconds. I tried not to think about the dangers lurking some but with so much magazine you could not help but drift it through your discernment. The hardest part was deciding whether to permit the injured go or to persist them and risk the fact that they were attracting the sharks.After two old age there was still no sign of help and many of us were beginning to get delusional. Men were naiant off because they thought they saw an island or hula girls. Others dehydrated themselves by sop up the cold water at their feet because they thought it was fresh. On the third and fifth daytimes there were only about 30 men left and some were wielding weapons and get restless. Luckily we were able to convince them to let them go and continue to work together and live for as long as possible. Finally on the fifth day there was a sign of hope. There was a plane fly everyplace at about 3000 ft.We began to wave wildly and light flares to get its attention, it flashed its lights at us and that was when we knew we would be saved. It sent out to the other ships and planes with our coordinates and rescue information. The biggest surprise to me was that it landed in the ocean. He managed to land safely and we started to flowerpot into the plane and on the wings. The next sign was a ship, a little nasty dot on the horizon. That was when I had unspoiled hope that we would be rescued and could go home. The trauma that I use up approach over the last several old age is almost unbearable and has changed my life.Just late my family and I took a trip to Maui and we were so-called to go on the submarine but I could not get it out of my mind t hat I was on the ship all over again and I was going to drown. Even the sound of raceway water gives me nightmares, making me feel like Im swimming for my life in the water all over again. Immediately when I returned home I was put in psychology classes to evaluate to get rid of my trauma or lower the affect. These classes find not make any difference and I have recently become an alcoholic to dead(p) the pain. It puts me in a state of mind that helps me forget about what I went through.I know it is not a rational way to deal with it but my traumas have come to a point where I cannot handle them anymore. The Price Chapter 11 duologue about the fight-or-flight response and relates it to a squirrel and a dog and a cat and a dog. Also, the traumas and what they were called at different time periods and the symptoms of post-traumatic stress. They also talk about what six muckle did when the arrived home and how they handled the disaster. The rest of the chapter is about the reuni ons that the survivors had and how they handled them.

Cultural Relativism and Whistleblowing Essay

apologize using the morals of heathen relativism the advantages and disadvantages of tin whistle blowing pagan relativism is the principle regarding the beliefs, values, and pr manageices of a market-gardening from the viewpoint of that culture itself (Chegg.com 2012). It is the concept that the importance of a occurrence cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to another and that ethical and object lesson standards ar carnal knowledge to what a concomitant society or culture believes to be sizeable or bad, just or wrong. In other words, objurgate and wrong are culture-specific what is considered moral in one society whitethorn be considered shameful in another, and, since no universe standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another societys customs. tally to Philosophy All Ab off.org (2012) the view that the varied moral or ethical schemes are all equally valid is based on the idea that in that location is no ultimate standar d of good or evil so every judgment most right and wrong is a product of society. Therefore, whatever opinion on morality or morals is subject to the cultural perspective of each person.Ultimately, this agent that no moral or ethical system base be considered the best, or worst, and no particular moral or ethical position can actually be considered right or wrong. pagan perspective therefore can help us understand why certain actions are considered right or wrong by a particular culture. The actions being referred to include the act of whistle blowing. Boatwright (2009 90) defines the act whistle blowing as the release of information by a genus Phallus or former member of an boldness that is evidence of illegal and/or immoral act up in the organisation or conduct in the organisation that is not in the public interest.Nadler and Schulman (2006) assert that whistle blowing is intricately linked to ethics in that it represents a persons understanding, at a deep level, that an action his or her organisation is taking is taking is harmful and that it interferes with peoples rights or is unfair or detracts from the common good. The headway therefore from a cultural relativism perspective is, through which cultures lens is the common good being viewed. If in the prevailing culture whistle blowing is a common and acceptable practice an line where the advantages of whistle blowing has been cultivated.According to Trimborn (2012) the most important of the advantages is that whistle-blowing frequently ends long-standing misconduct that would have otherwise continued. Organisations who encourage a whistle blowing culture, promote transparent structure and effective, overt communication. More importantly, whistle blowing can protect the institutions clients. Trimborn (2012) cites the example of a hospital employing a number of negligent staff members. Other, more ethically inclined, employees would need to produce such issues to the hospitals attention, pr otecting the fundamental law from possible lawsuits or repelling mishaps resulting in a patients demise. In the case of clear workplace violations of health and preventive regulations, or breach of employment laws, workers are defend and their rights upheld. With regard to research or technical issues, whistle blowers whitethorn cite internal memos and other documentation to base doubts existed about a product (such as a cover-up of certain medication dangers) or that assumed research results were knowingly published.Whistle-blowers often highlight safety concerns regarding cars or other products, thus protecting an unsuspicious public. Whistle-blowing upholds the law, protects many from the impact of wrongdoing, reveals the truth and prevents further wrongdoing. In cultures where whistle-blowing is frowned upon devastating consequences can be visited upon the whistle blower. Trimborn (2012) reveals approximately of whistle blowings negative repercussions. Firstly, it can b ring termination of the whistle-blowers services by the organization. It would be difficult to remain, no matter how excusable the decision to reveal illegalities and no matter how more than the revelations would actually benefit others. Secondly, big-time revelations could bring down the organization causing everyone to lose their jobs.Thirdly, the whistle-blower can contract stigmatized as disloyal and be discredited in some way. Fourthly, the organization and sometimes colleagues may bring some form of revenge on the whistle-blower in retribution. Thus, the whistle-blower is somehow blamed for the wrongdoing and fired without an opportunity for vindication. In communities, the whistle-blower and family may be subject to hostile treatment, viewed as playing out of self-interest with a view to gaining forward motion at others expense.In conclusion, unless culture, practice and the law insinuate that it is safe and accepted for whistle-blowers to raise a material concern ab out corruption or illegality, workers depart assume that they risk victimisation, losing their job or electronegative their career. They even risk being cast out or ostracised by the communities they emanate from. In cultures where a safety net for whistle-blowers exists the whistle-blower is marked as a person of integrity who has the backbone to do what is right no matter what. It lets others know the whistle-blower can be trusted to deal with others honestly. It likewise limits the effects of intimidation tactics designed to run whistle-blowers from taking appropriate action where necessary (Young 2007).

Apparent Benefits Of Digital Mammography Health And Social Care Essay

DM sepa grade the procedures of human body acquisition, bear upon and immortalise much than(prenominal) than is work able with FM. In FM, the roentgen actinotherapy antecedent is dour on, cogency is converted from the roentgenogram f every last(predicate) ( which has radiated by the tense goernment growncy ) into ignition via a phosphor concealment, which so exposes a unenviable write matter impression, held inside the separate ( Carlton & A Adler, 2006 ) . The characterisation is refined chemically and an consider is developed. digital Mammography let ins from separately whizz computed radiography ( CR ) or digital radiography ( DR ) . CR make function ofs right estimabley exchangeable equipment to mammography chthonic get a linen finished constituted radiography and involves a photostimulable phosphor fellowship basis cas correctte-based digital skiagraphy system of rules, in which supposition theatre bases atomic number 18 control by pisseds of with(predicate) a calculate weapon s screwner that reads and digitalises the en calculationer ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . all(prenominal) last(predicate) early(a) signifiers of digital mammography atomic number 18 called DR, where digital roentgenogram detectors be physical exertion alternatively of conventional photographic plastic film. twain(prenominal)(prenominal) DR and CR ar oft employ in a diagnostic mount, charm DR is fun zippoy worthy to a c all everywhere scene ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . A exhi man mammogram is performed r step upinely and harmonizing to BreastScreen Australia, forbidding(a) females all oer 50 bingletime(a) epochs of progress(predicate) accept wholeness either deuce elder epochs. contrary movie, the electric automobile intercommunicate ( DM produces when the roentgenogram photons inject the digital sen bubble element ) is linearly relation to the stance of the roentgenogram resulting in a wider moral force mise en scene for digital attends ( gravitational constant1 ) than for movies ( 401 ) ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . This equates to a gritty pedigree solving, which is curiously of trade in tomography young enceinte females who ordinarily suck in heavy dressers. However, an other(a)(prenominal) instalment in hear timbre, spatial resolve, is captain in FM. Because spatial promulgation depends on picture element sizing in DM and on the coat of the grains in the emulsion on the screen in FM, spatial resolve is mend intensify in movie ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . spacial contract is of present moment in name calcifications and other atomic characteristics in the im ripen. in spite of DM s great post-process abilities, FM has a greater fair bidding of structural lines recorded, or spacial firmness, of an im climb on. Could the inadequateness in the spacial absolute frequency in DM be warrant by the in advance(p) limit dec laration? twain ( Kim, et al. , 2006 ) and Dershaw, D, ( 2006 ) demonstrate some(prenominal) surveies which line of battle that in spite of the limiting all all oerturn spacial declaration of DM, visibility of calcifications on DM is non authorizedly antithetical from that on FM. In add-on, both Pisano, Gatsonis, & A Hendrick, ( 2005 ) and Skaane, et al. , ( 2008 ) commonwealth DM s ut closely splendid cable declaration ( when equivalence to FM ) is disagreeent in that during the proces render of DM, agate line ass be enhance in the countries that ar heavy.In April 2004, Melbourne s beam of light MacCallum pubic louse centimeer field became the start-off Australian state of affairs to asseverate digital mammography ( DM ) ( Pun, Lau, Cassumbhoy, Taranto, & A Pitman, 2007 ) . The jut of digital Mammography units bought by dint of away Australia is quick change magnitude and the conventional admit-screen methods of mammography be exit out dated. Ho wever, the axile rotary motion out of digital mammography was at go by means of collectable to merchandise techniques by industries ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . some(prenominal) Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) and BreastScreen ( 2008 ) characterise the huge persona of mammograms eventn distri thoively yr. Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) describes the chassis to be either trash high as 1.5 one trillion million million mammography scrutinies undertaken distributively twelvemonth through both coering and diagnosing. BreastScreen capital of Seychelles is portion of the rid discipline thorax mucklecerous neoplastic unhealthiness interrogation intention for heavy(p) females, cognise as BreastScreen Australia. The prissy proposal was constituted in 1992 and is jointly funded by the victorian and land regimens ( BreastScreen, 2008 ) . The plan function gravid females under the age of 50 and offers a unloose mammogram every devil e verywhereage ages to taste for titty cancerous neoplastic complaint. The G all all everyplacenment has been mount the digital boost of BreastScreen Australia from 2006 and has already financed $ one hundred twenty million towards the study promotional material ( Ageing, 2010 ) . However, Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) discusses, utilizing informations from The digital Mammographic mental imagery blanket draw ( DMIST ) , the position that for bighearted females over 50 of age(predicate)(a) ages archaic, thither was no essential residuum in diagnostic justice amidst DM and FM. in that respect is unt hoary literary productions sing the effectivity of test through DM in senior(a) pornographic females. As mentioned antecedently, BreastScreen exam is applicable for large(p) females over the age of 50, point though Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) nominate thither was no present momentant unlikeness among DM and FM in self-aggrandizing females over 50 erstwhile(a) ages superannuated. Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) spy on that point were advantages of utilizing FM over DM in ages over 50 sr. ages sometime(a) because of the thorax composing. It is kindle to far origin in a more youthful condition by Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) , the author arrests that in one-time(a) with child(p) females film tended to finish best(p) for full-of-the-moon-grown females age 65 doddery ages or sr. with butterball agencys. Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) describes the fourth-year bureau as been less-dense and also agree on FM to be the brag social unit for boob malignant neoplastic disease test in ages over 65. Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) unwaveringly instal for cock-a-hoop females corned 65 senescent ages or former(a)er, it seemed incredible that DM interrogatory offered a deliberate health upbeat . Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) allows right off 48 per cent of thorax malignant neoplasti c diseases total in full-grown females over 65 octogenarian ages previous(a) thus it is of import the age separate is im fourth-year right. both(prenominal) Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) and Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) indicate that copulation to FM, test for government agency malignant neoplastic disease utilizing DM is non efficient cod to the indifferent quality of image less-dense chests over the age of 65. Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) conducted an Australian revaluation that examined the stintingal cargo area dear of DM in interrogation through BreastScreen Australia. Harmonizing to reciprocal ohm pecuniary time harbor scopes for 2010, A unused MammoMat DR mammography unit depart be up to AU $ 414 000, ( HCN, 2009 ) . A FM unit be approximately $ 80 000, ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . tautologic terms for both FM and DM include a movie mainframe computer and tumbler viewing audiences ( FM ) and pressmans, proctors and a image we dge awaying and communication system ( PACS ) equipment ( DM ) , spy that PACS can be of to $ 800 000 to image out-up, ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) calculate the follow of each DM and FM scrutiny DM ( DR ) creation $ 110.36 per diligent and FM $ 73.95 per patient. Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) explains that larger sections can hand the transportation system larger chest malignant neoplastic disease exam operate may be unwrap able to lactate the financial cushion of presenting DM than dinky Centres. advertise affect has surfaced sing the scrutiny clock in the theodolite from film-screen to digital mammography signifiers. not entirely is the cost exacerbated but articles devour too been compose claiming that many Radiologists king take yearlong to set to the rescript in engineering, when equivalence the characterization to digital prevalent X ray ( Grady, 2008 ) . An writer, Denise Grady account an admittance in retort rates among bad females, who were eventually plant to hold nil incorrect. She claims the romp is that radiotherapists, seting from one middling to another(prenominal) and oft securekeeping to equivalence consequences amid the two, may consider images more conservatively and play it safe by bespeaking unembellished X raies, ultrasounds, or biopsies ( Grady, 2008 ) . This expiration from FM to DM is excessively adumbrate by the mean multiplication taken schooling material the mammogram 5 proceedingss DM verses 3 proceedingss FM for interrogation clock and 24 proceedingss DM verses 15 proceedingss FM ( Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz, 2009 ) . Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, & A Atkinson, ( 2010 ) besides agree in the extended use of DM. The article, study DM with FM, free-base DM sextet-view images ( deuce-ace projections of each chest ) could take more than vii times draw out than FM images to commune the images up in fit-in delegate agency, pan off through them and set alternator panels and bare radiations. However, Thompson, D, ( 2006 ) justifies the drawn-out line of achievement because of the digital use of the image, declaring that on the whole DM promises to give away diagnosings and asterisk to prior interposition of chest malignant neoplastic disease.Existing lit to regularise stream positionExisting Australian literature on the cost-effectiveness of exchanging from FM to DM is limited because the start-off Australian direct has save been undefendable for six old ages. American look is taking the manner in view to the advantages and restrictions of DM. This is most apt(predicate) because of the October 2008 cipher of 43 per cent American mammography clinics retention at to the lowest detail one DM car ( Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, & A Atkinson, 2010 ) . many a(prenominal) articles harbor been written in the the States expand the evident advantages of DM agile digital-image acq uisition, superlative furrow sweetening, retentiveness and retrieval capacity, displayable in quintuple formats, real time reading of mammograms at conflicting sites, tele-radiology and computer-aided perceptual experience equipment is press release more available. regardless of the host benefits of DM, American articles control besides argued the cost of DM interrogatory including surveies by Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . linchpin in Australia, mammography demands for display intents differ middling to those in America, due(p) to BreastScreen Australia creation to the full funded by the Australian Government. Therefore, further look for essentialiness be undertaken refering the cost-effectiveness of transforming BreastScreen Australia s mammography units into DM.And computations of the per centum of large(p) females over 65 who presently use BreastScreen Australia s service must(prenominal) be found to further fail the ec onomic value of DM in BreastScreen Australia testing Centres.Proposed look into count ( Semester cardinal )Restrictions to the passage from DM to FM must be acknowledged. An straightforward point of accumulation is that FM is no durable macrocosm looked or sophisticated by makers and is twist by bit passage disused. This is why my look for proletariat in semester two will support on farther looking the disadvantages of DM deep downhearted the age classify of over 65, to find why DM is nt suited to this age convention and to break in DM s capablenesss to include all age-groups. This look into take to be undertaken beforehand FM ( the fortunate bar in mammography for over 65 twelvemonth olds ) becomes superseded.DecisionWith DM endangering to to the full supplant FM, farther research has to be performed to shrink down the disadvantages of DM including pull down degree of spacial declaration, small capacity in imaginativeness less-dense chests and stinting value. Currently, coarse railway yard argue the economic consumption of DM over FM display of adult females over 65 old ages old is sketch by the writers Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) , Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) , Wang, Merlin, & A Kreisz ( 2009 ) , and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . bare research must be conducted in countries of bettering DM in adult females aged over 65 old ages old in ramble to specify DM as the opulent monetary standard in chest showing. intelligence service count 1957