Comparison Of The Eu And Asean Regional System Politics Essay

Comparison Of The Eu And Asean Regional System Politics Essay The Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, stated: The EU and ASEAN are two successful examples of regional integration in the world [] ASEANs integration is advancing. It is developing its institutions and organise experience.  [1]  Todays new regionalism intends to provide solutions to developmental problems, but many believe that these problems are also the source of many internal conflicts. This new regionalism is based on territorial size and economies of scale as the traditional one, but it also explains new fears from the new century.  [2]  The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are seen as examples, because both of them are part of the regionalism approach.  [3]   Some academics consider the EU as a world model in miniature or even as a blueprint for other regions,  [4]  while others believe that this model can be transferred to areas such as the ASEAN. Thus, the European Commission (EC) has stated that the EU supports those regions that want to emulate us.  [5]  However, many non-Europeans have insisted on how difficult it is to transfer the European model, because of the disparities in their history and socio-cultural background, their values and ideas, rule of law,  [6]  degree of institutionalization, objectives and praxis, and so on.  [7]   Despite these differences, there are some commonalities; for instance, both regions emphasize integrity and respect of national sovereignty. Although, they differ in level and channels, the European region applies the subsidiarity concept, while the Asian area believes in the principle of non-interference. In addition, both regions must tackle the new concept of security, like growth, stability, poverty alleviation, uncontrolled migration flows, energy, climate change, etc., based on their historical development, systemic geopolitical and economic constraints, and finally their domestic organisation and consensus.  [8]  For this reason, the analysis of issues, such as the uncontrolled flows of migrations in ASEAN and the EU, would increase our understanding of the different measures adopted in many areas as well as the features of their integration. At this initial point, some questions arise: how can we compare the different regionalization processes? To what extent is it interesting to compare these two regions? Is new regionalism an opportunity to solve social problems? Thus, the goal of this research is to understand their commonalities and divergences of these two regions based on two episodes at sea involving immigrants. These episodes are not referred to the political or economical field as they used to be; by contrast, they are based on immigration policy. I chose this example because it also reflects degrees of integration, relation with social policies, human rights, and international law. It is not only a good example to understand their different integration processes, but it is also a polemic situation for both regions. This study is divided into five sections. The first section will introduce the theoretical framework in which this study is supported. The second one will examine selected cases about immigration problems in the area of the Mediterranean coast within the EU area. The third section will explain the problems involved with the Burmese refugees in the South East coast within the ASEAN framework. The fourth part will compare both integration processes. These cases will help to exemplify the differences and similarities of both regions, and at the same time, they will allow us to explore how effective are regional systems to benefit or protect their population. Finally, the conclusion will open doors for further research and improvement in the systems. 2. Theoretical framework Different theoretical approaches have been applied for this kind of studies. On one hand, realist, constructivist and liberal approaches have been applied for the study of the role of ideas and interests.  [9]  For instance, the constructivist approach states that in heterogeneous and newly formed regional groupings interregionalism may stimulate regional identity-building.  [10]  The realist approach, however, highlights power and balances as essential characteristics of inter- and transregional relations  [11]  . On the other hand, in the last two decades new theoretical approaches have been developed, namely globalisation and regionalisation.  [12]   Globalization is part of a process of internalization, and it is related to governance, since it implies the need to find alternatives for sustainable development, efficient and transparent government, as well as civic participation. Moreover, it has respected the rule of law and a system of rights.  [13]  Many scholars understand it as a reform of the international system since the end of the Cold War,  [14]  a phenomenon which in some way undermines the power of the states and their territorial dimension. Some governments are reluctant to reduce the impact of globalization to protect their territorial control. Regionalism is thus one of the best formulas,  [15]  because Some issues can best be handled at the regional level among states that are heavily involved in overlapping interests.  [16]  Although the traditional economic model, through its dialogue and cooperation  [17]  in economy, trade  [18]  and binding arrangements  [19]  among States, has fav oured regionalism as a means of stabilizing the area, some scholars have emphasized a series of differences which are significant for the development of this paper: Old regionalism New regionalism Formed in a bipolar Cold War system Formed in a multipolar world Created from above (superpower intervention) Spontaneous process from the regions. Need of cooperation to tackle new global challenges Inward oriented and protectionist in economic terms Open, compatible with an interdependent world economy Specific objectives Comprehensive, multidimensional process Concerned with relations among nation states Global structural transformation, non-state actors are active and operating at several levels. Harmonization of trade policies leading to deeper economic integration, with political integration as a possible future result. Transformation of a region from relative heterogeneity to increased homogeneity in regard to: culture, security, economic policies and political regimes. Source: Own elaboration (based on Bjà ¶rn Hettne, Globalization, the new regionalism, and East Asia) The New regionalism expanded the regional framework beyond European borders. Today, ASEAN has become the second most advanced regional system,  [20]  and its general purposes are: (1) to secure peace; (2) to provide external security; (3) to carry out economic tasks; (4) to address environmental issues; and (5) to secure human rights.  [21]  Brian Dai argued that the EU is the best example to demonstrate that regional integration is the best solution to regional peace and security as well as bringing common welfare to the population.  [22]   European integration: the case of immigrants at sea and their rights The EU is the oldest regional system; although it is still changing, not only in structure, but also deepening its policies, it is a unique supranational institutional entity with specific characteristics: (1) collective memory of the devastation of WW II; (2) overcrowded region in terms of population and the number of states; (3) similar political system; (4) alike social welfare systems; and (5) relatively similar culture and religion.  [23]   In 2004, the Hague programme, called Strengthening Freedom, Security and Justice in the EU, was adopted; it is based on one of the main objectives of the EU: to create an area of freedom, security and justice. It adopted common legislative instruments and improvement of coordination of national policies, practical cooperation, and regular information exchange between Member States (MSs) and the Commission.  [24]  In this context, it is important to clarify the definition of illegal immigration given by the Commission: it includes third-country nationals who enter the territory of a MS illegally by land, sea and air.  [25]   MSs accepted to create a common immigration policy at EU level. The Commissions proposals had become EU legislation; in 2005 a debate was re-launched with the Green Paper on an EU approach to managing economic migration; later that year, a Policy Plan on Legal Migration was adopted listing the actions and legislative initiatives. In September 2007, the Commission presented the Third Annual Report on Migration and Integration, which monitors the process of admission and integration of third-country immigrants in the EU.  [26]   The EU developed a Global Approach to migration which supports general principles such as subsidiarity, solidarity, human rights, fundamental freedoms, access to asylum, and Geneva Convention,  [27]  thourgh which foster cooperation with third countries, particularly in the Mediterranean. This approach is within the European Neighbourhood Policy framework through bilateral dialogues. However, the approach and adoption of those general principles sought to be endured by strong political committeemen, particularly because resources should be mobilised to fight smuggling and trafficking networks, and protect the immigrants asking for asylum.  [28]   There are some cases described below in which immigrants have been found in waters of the Mediterranean sea. Initially, they were not rescued because of MSs national interests. Additionally, many other cases have been reported during recent years.  [29]   The first case took place in May 2007: an Italian news agency informed that 27 men coming from Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Niger, Senegal and Togo asked for help to a Maltese trawlers tuna fish pen, Budafel. The ship-owner did not provide assistance to the immigrants. In the meantime, Maltese and Libyan authorities were engaged in diplomatic dialogues to clarify who had to take responsibility for the immigrants; the Italian Coastguard was notified about the incident and took the responsibility for them.  [30]   The second case also was in May 2007: 26 people were recued by the Spanish tug Monfalco. This boat was between Libya and Malta waters. The ship-owner did not have space on board for all the immigrants, but Maltese authorities refused to allow the people to disembark. The Spanish government thus made the decision to bring them to Spain. They claimed that they could be possible applicants who appear to have come from the Ivory Coast, a country at war.  [31]  However, this humanitarian argument is not always used by the Spanish government, as was the case of the two ships Marine I and Happy Day. In both cases, Maltese authorities did not rescue the immigrants or arrange a safety place. Although there always is another side of the coin and Maltese officials declared and provided documents to defend themselves from these accusations. Despite this fact, Maltese authorities knew that Libya had not ratified the 1951 Geneva Convention, thus their practices towards immigrants or asylum seekers did not respect their rights. For this reason, Malta government violated art. 2 and 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), art. 33 of the Geneva Convention, art. 3 of the UN Convention against Torture and art. 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In addition, Malta authorities also infringed the International Maritime Legislation, which is related to the non refoulement principle.  [32]   These incidents prompted the Council to discuss a system of sharing responsibilities (COREPER).  [33]  In May 2008, COREPER drafted Return Directive, which stated that MSs were not obliged to assist the immigrants without legal costs. It was adopted by the European Parliament (EP) and Council at the end of the year, covering common standards and procedures for returning illegal immigrants.  [34]  The same year, the Joint Operation Nautilus was launched, which enhanced the control in Mediterranean borders.  [35]   By contrast, the EP did not share the same opinion and declared that MSs should respect the International Law on Human Rights, Asylum and Refugee Law, and ECHR, and that new legislation should be passes to fill the holes in the current law,  [36]  especially on the the rescue and detention operations of the immigrants.  [37]   4. ASEAN integration ASEAN integration started with abstract ideas, asymmetric national interests and competing for hegemony and born within a communist threat period.  [38]  Its members wanted to establish a new period outside the Cold War paradigm. The ASEAN was not created to solve conflicts among members, but rather to become a forum based on the non-interference principle where members could discuss issues not related with sensitive matters.  [39]   In this context, a new concept appears to support the economic integration, Confucian capitalism, but after the financial crisis in 1997 it lost supporters.  [40]  However, the economic integration originally was not the aim, a growing global competition forced ASEAN should pay more attention to these issues.  [41]  After the Free Trade Area (AFTA) was created, their cooperation has been deeper and covers service, finance, investment and monetary sectors.  [42]  Some scholars agree that ASEAN+3 process is even a more important and complex cooperation than ASEAN itself.  [43]  In 1998, during the 6th ASEAN Summit, the Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA) was adopted promoting social development. The same year, ASEAN ministers on Rural Development and Poverty Eradication established the Action Plan on Social Safety Nets in Jakarta.  [44]   During the 3rd Meeting of ASEAN, Maung Htay, ASEAN Director-General of Immigration Department, stated that an improvement of the cooperation on immigration issues was required and accepted the idea of creating an Ad hoc High Level Experts Group on immigration issues organized in the Philippines 2000. In addition, Htay also declared that ASEAN Vision 2020 and HPA will contribute to conduct this matter.  [45]  Steps forward were undertaken when, during the 6th Meeting, a work programme was launched entailing practical initiatives and measures, and also the Plan of Action established in the Philippines 2000.  [46]  Moreover, in October 2007, during the 6th ASEAN Peoples Assembly (APA), the question of Myanmar and human rights was tackled, and the implications of the Human Rights Body in the ASEAN Charter, were discussed.  [47]   The situation of refugees and human rights are of concern, especially the Karen or Karenni, a Muslim ethnic group in Burma. Thailand shares about 2000 km of border with Burma with a great flow of refugees,  [48]  and around 140.000 refugees live in nine camps in Thailand,  [49]  a situation shared by countries like Malaysia, Bangladesh and India. The subhuman conditions of these refugees is complicated, because new generations have been born in the camps and they are forbidden to leave,  [50]  and suffer harasment and abuses from smugglers, detention, discrimination.  [51]  The Thai government, however, pays no attention to international organizations and wants to send them back to Myanmar, allowing no more boats to disembark on its coasts.  [52]  The main problem is that neither Thailand nor other asylum countries for Burmese refugees had not signed the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees or the 1967 Protocol.  [53]  To them, refugees are illegal immigrants.  [5 4]   ASEAN has a policy of constructive engagement, but it is more complex since it has semi-supporters as China and India, interested in its natural resources. ASEAN members failed to tackle this question in March 2009,  [55]  and in the Bali Process in Indonesia. The issue was not discussed at the plenary session or in the concluding statement.  [56]  The Working Group for ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism remind the Myanmar Government that it should respect the fundamental rights of its citizens. It also recalls that its entrance in 1997 compromised a long-term plan towards democratization. In fact, Myanmar has to achieve the ASEAN Vision 2010 as well, in which its Working Group declared, a peaceful and stable Southeast Asia, where the causes for conflict have been eliminated through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law.  [57]   Comparison This comparison is based on Bà ¶rzells model  [58]  in which similarities and differences in regard to values and identity, institutional design, nature of rules, domestic level actors, and conflicts among them are identified. This section will discuss the differences which are subdivided into five components: ideas, institutionalization, domestic level, political field, and economic field. The cases we saw above illustrate these disparities and similitudes and this comparison should shed some light to better understand the reactions, mechanisms, channels, behaviours, further steps, etc. Similarities Despite controversial opinions, the EU and ASEAN have several similarities, which have been pointed out by Underhill.  [59]  But in spite of these similarities, Park and Kim  [60]  added that both regions have a sense of Community and experienced similar difficulties during the current financial crisis, while some academics would rather suggest that the ASEAN Economic Community is an idea inspired by the EEC and expressed in similar wording.  [61]   Both regions had to tackle similar security issues which raise new challenges. A holistic approach is required in order to face these new matters, and particularly to enhance immigration law and cooperation. The differences can be observed in the following figure (Franck et al., pp. 306-307): Differences Ideas European Union ASEAN After WW II, ideas generated by politicians Today politicians + intellectuals + society Project based on idealistic concepts from intellectuals France and Germany alliance China and Japan still working Germany recognized its war crimes Japan did not recognized them: reluctant to join ASEAN+3, proposals ASEAN+6 Horrors of WW II, origin of the integration in Europe Members do not have a common history Clear concept of Europe 27  [62]   Unclear concept of Asia: lack of clearly defined borders, common culture and religion Western values: democracy, respect of universal human rights, rule of law. They are codified and legally-binding Asian identity, Asian family, Asian Values: community, capitalism, and relativism Decoded and not legally-binding Identity based on 50 years of integration Asianism based on Sino-center world, protectionist tendencies, for centuries Cleavages based on social welfare between west and east are decreasing. There are not latent conflicts Strong cleavages based on ideology maintain latent conflicts between north and south EU is a contiguous landmass It is an enormous archipelago: difficulties for contacts, transport, mobility, etc. Source: Own elaboration based on the following authors: Kim, Berkofsky, Park Kim, Rà ¼land, Franck, Defraigne, Moriamà © et al. Institutionalization EU ASEAN High level institutionalization Low level institutionalization Common institutions built on treaties and rule of law. E.g. OSCE, Council, ECHR, etc. No common institutions built on voluntary commitments and weaker tradition of law. E.g. APEC, ASEM, ASF Democratic structure precondition for integration Network-style: interpersonal and informal relations US supported integration multilateralism US did/do not support integration, preference of bilateralism Philosophy: more complex issues, deeper institutionalization Philosophy: informal contacts and negotiations Alliances between official and civilian actors Civilian organizations started to be involve Lessons: formal and informal practices should coexist as well as strict and flexible tools Source: Own elaboration based on the following authors: Dong Heidul, Cuyvers, Berkofsky, Park Kim, Franck, Defraigne, Moriamà © et al. Domestic Level EU ASEAN Strong normative principles Need a set of normative principles, e.g. Myanmar is not only about HR Mix of Supranational and Intergovernmental structure: Commission (propose), Council and EP (pass or reject), and MS implement or sanction. Intergovernmental structure Decision-making process: unanimity, co-decision, assent, consultation Decision-making process: consensus and unanimity Harmonisation with strict legal basis Building harmonization, not legal basis Treaties Agreements Charter adopted 2007: propose framework and legal foundation, restructure mechanisms and improve decision-making process. Strengthen institutions.  [63]   Source: Own elaboration based on the following authors: Underhill, Laursen, Franck, Defraigne, Moriamà © et al. Political field EU ASEAN Far from a single political actor, but some consistency High level of fragmentation MS pool sovereignty in some areas = EU disposes deeper and more powerful mechanism of solidarity MS reluctant to pool sovereignty = national approach = less mechanism European Structural Funds Sub-regional cooperation, e.g. Informal and facilitated by ADB, who supplies technical, administrative and logistical support Fixed exchange rate system on macro-economic solidarity. E.g. wealthier countries support weaker Floating exchange rate system on macro-economic solidarity. E.g. contribution to erode social attainments Free movement of goods, services, people, labour, etc. Not free movement: goods, labour, etc. Social policies and cooperation: European Social Fund. Subsidiarity principle Lisbon Treaty sets up a social agenda, but not concrete progress National approach, far away from the development of social policies. Some actions: 1998, Hanoi Plan Action: poverty reduction 1998, Action Plan on Social Safety Nets Source: Own elaboration based on the following authors: Underhill, Laursen, Park Kim, Ruelan, and Cuyvers. Economic field EU ASEAN Monetary Union Single market unclear notion, especially for business and consumers Transparent and accountable financial and banking system Need to create transparent and accountable financial and banking system EU relies on its own institutions Need to rely on non-ASEAN institutions, e.g. 1992, ADB assisted Greater Mekong Sub-region for economic cooperation Successful EMU: needs political willingness EU is the only successful single market AFTA is still unclear, deadline 2010. AEC is far away from the EU single market, e.g. it does not have common external tariff policy to create customs union. It has two main preconditions: high level of economic integration and independent judicial institutions Custom Union, no need of border inspection Need border inspection, restrictions. European Monetary Union 1999: weak mechanism due to the monetarist mandate of the ECB Chiang Mai Initiative  [64]  of ASEAN+3: creation of a network of bilateral swap arrangements Exchange rate fixed and stable influences financial integration Exchange rate volatility, e.g. during financial crisis caused more economic problems, reduced economic growth. Source: Own elaboration based on the following authors: Laursen, Dong Heidul, Plummer, Underhill, Berkofsky, and European Policy Center. Conclusion As we have seen along the paper, regional organisations are important for the international system and embrace a multilateral approach, which tries to solve problems with different means other than military solutions. Regionalism is a good formula to provid

Achievements of science Essay

The history of human civilization is a record of the achievements of science, amongst other things. We have been observing great scientific achievements since the dawn of the 20th century. But the invention which has brought about a revolutionary change in the world is computer. The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries prior. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive worldwide industry. The man behind the thought of this great invention was a British professor of mathematics named Charles Babez. In 1830, he designed a machine named â€Å"Analytical Engine† which had common sides with the present structure of computer. Then step by step, computer got its current shape through various procedure and research. In terms of working criteria, there are three kinds of computers. These are analog, digital and hybrid. The analog computer works by chronologically counting of shifting figures and the digital computer works by using mathematical methods and counting electric waves. The hybrid computer is a combination of the above two; it works by using both characteristics of analog and the digital. According to the size, space and working capacity, there are four variations of digital computer: super computer, mainframe computer, mini-frame computer and micro computer. The total figure of computer is divided into three main units: input unit, central processing unit (CPU), output unit. The input unit receives the data and delivers to memory, memory stores it for the time being and the arithmetic logic unit defines it and directs to process it with necessary programs and delivers the result to output unit to present and memory stores the result permanently if needed. The whole procedure is executed by the control unit. The arithmetic logic unit, control unit and memory constitute the CPU. The fields of application of computer are uncountable. From space research to personal amusement, each and every fact of human race is being influenced by this machine. Governmental issues, commercial vocations, scientific analysis, educational tasks and various works are being operated and controlled automatically by its graft. Now, scientists are trying to invent artificial intelligence and if that’ll possible, computer will be substitute of human. There is no argument that computer has done incalculable benefits to man. But as it’s a  machine, it can also be operated against mankind. So, it depends on us to use it in a proper way and get the best output from it and have a life of comfort, easy and peace.

Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay

Still recognized as one of the literary giants of America, Langston Hughes played an important role as a writer and thinker of the Harlem Renaissance. This was an artistic movement of African Americans that arose during the 1920s to celebrate the lives and culture of Africans in the United States (â€Å"Langston Hughes†). Because most of the African Americans had been brought to the New World as slaves of white masters, it was poets and writers like Hughes, an African American man, that helped to change the perception of African Americans in the minds of the whites once slavery had been abolished. Hughes’ poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† published in 1926, and â€Å"Negro† published in 1958, therefore depict African Americans as ordinary human beings like everybody else, and yet richer in culture and civilization than many others, seeing that they have participated in the construction of the great â€Å"pyramids,† mentioned in both poems (Hughes, 2007; Hughes). Hughes was direct and open about the fact that his writings were meant to uplift the conditions confronting Africans in the United States (Hughes, 1923). They had been slaves, so therefore the whites did not respect them enough even after the abolishment of slavery. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published five years after the Tulsa Riot and during the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Race Riot, Lynchings, and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s†). â€Å"Negro,† on the other hand, was published at a time when racism was considered a bigger problem than before. In fact, during the 1950s racism was at the forefront of American thought (Lewis, 2002). Many battles were fought to set blacks equal to whites in the minds of all Americans. Hughes’ contribution of the 1950s, his poem â€Å"Negro,† was only different to the extent that it was an artist’s contribution. Countless other Africans were fighting on the streets of America to set things right once and for all. Both poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro,† are expressions of African American identity. The first poem begins thus: â€Å"I’ve known rivers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hughes). In the second as in the first, although the poet has made clear that the narrator is a negro – the poem, â€Å"Negro† begins with the words, â€Å"I am a Negro† (Hughes, 2007). Because the whites had been masters over African slaves, they were inclined to look down upon Africans. Since the whites were owners of property in America and certainly richer, the blacks longed to be like the whites. But, Hughes would like the Africans to feel at home in their own skins. With images of rivers as grand as of the Euphrates, the Nile and the Mississippi – the poem, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† reminds the African of his or her historical roots or the history of the great African peoples who have traveled across all of these rivers adding value to the historical streams of cultures. The poem has irregular, long lines without rhythm because it is making a basic point: the African soul is as deep as any human soul could be. The African individual indulges in deep thinking as he travels across ancient rivers. What he must dwell on is his own identity on foreign soil. Remembering the history of his civilization, he must keep in mind that life carries on. What’s more, the poet reminds his fellow African that the black race has survived despite all odds (Hughes). Because â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published during the peak of Harlem Renaissance, it refers to depth of the African soul, given that art is often understood as the voice of the soul and the Harlem Renaissance was all about promoting African art and culture in the United States. Using gentle images such as the Mississippi’s bosom â€Å"turning golden in the sunset,† the poet uses his emphasis on rivers to stand as a symbol for the depth of the African soul (Hughes). â€Å"Negro,† published during the 1950’s also mentions â€Å"depths† (Hughes, 2007). As in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† the depths mentioned by Hughes in both poems most likely refer to the depth of African knowledge too. After all, both poems refer to the history of Africans. â€Å"Negro,† with its sentence arrangements describing either what had happened to Africans or what they have done in the history of the African civilization – also makes mention of the experiences and/or skills that set Africans apart, for example, slavery and singing (Hughes, 2007). The poet represents all Africans in both his poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro. † What is more, both poems mention the fact that the Africans were part of the labor force that built the ancient pyramids. In â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† it was the African who â€Å"looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it† (Hughes). In â€Å"Negro,† the pyramid is said to have arisen under the African hand, implying that the African was greatly skilled even at the time of ancient pyramid construction (Hughes, 2007). The main difference between the two poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro† is, undoubtedly, the spirit of hope felt through the first poem versus the sense of despair mixed with hope in the second poem. Hughes must have composed â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† in a different frame of mind altogether. The poem clearly promotes the African American culture and art as originating in the deep history of humanity (Hughes). Although â€Å"Negro† makes mention of world history too, it does not necessarily promote African American art, apart from its reference to singing. The African American may be considered as more of a laborer or low paid worker than an artist in â€Å"Negro† (Hughes, 2007). Perhaps the poem was not written to promote African American art at all. As mentioned previously, the 1950s saw the whites and blacks of America fighting over the question of equal rights of Africans in almost all major areas of state functioning, including education. There were severe problems related to racism during this period of American history. Clearly, blacks were being looked down upon. It was in the mood of that hour that Hughes composed â€Å"Negro. † The poem speaks of the ordinariness of the African individual while describing the good uses that Africans have been made of, for example, in the construction of the â€Å"Woolworth Building† (Hughes, 2007). â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† is certainly not dismal or depressing like â€Å"Negro,† mainly because it does not make mention of slavery and victimization as the second. After all, Hughes is fighting against injustice toward African Americans in the 1950s. In the 1920s, his cause was entirely different. If â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† had made frequent mention of darkness as does â€Å"Negro,† the Harlem Renaissance could not have been considered a harbinger of hope (Hughes, 2007). References Hughes, L. (2007, Dec 2). Negro. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://amandafa. blogspot. com/2007/12/negro-by-langston-hughes. html. ————–. (1926, Jun 23). The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/45a/360. html. ————–. The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. wmrfh. org/dcrews/index_files/Hughes_The%20Negro%20Speaks%20of%20Rivers. doc. Langston Hughes. America’s Story from America’s Library. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/aa/hughes. Lewis, C. H. (2002). The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. colorado. edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/civil. htm. Race Riot, Lynchings, and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. assumption. edu/ahc/raceriots/default. html.

Essay about High Prices of Healthy Foods Prevents Control...

Most of the individuals living with Type 2 Diabetes in these low income areas know they have to eat healthier foods in order to control the illness and reduce the risk of getting worse, but they are often confounded by the distance they had to travel in order to buy the healthier foods from the health market, unaffordable prices of buying a healthier nutritious food, and the means of travel to get to the market. Chaufan, Davis, Constantino (2011), noted that disproportionate risk is caused by living conditions, because living conditions are not natural facts but rather the product of policy decision distributing societal benefits and burdens. The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes health and lifestyle education programs can be useful in†¦show more content†¦The literature review found that the results of type 2 Diabetes among low income individuals seem to be relatively low than previous studies. Even though people reported having twice as much risk of chronic illnesses the numb er of people diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes was insignificant accounting for 95% CI below poverty line 0.6 (0.5,0.7) (Bhojani et al., 2013). In this case it may be that more people remain undiagnosed than those who self-report in the surveys. The burden of Type diabetes is much higher in ethnic minorities than for whites (CDC, 2011). Those of which include Latino and African American ethnicities. According to Lemon, Rosal, Welch (2011), Latinos have a higher rate of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus rates than Caucasian because of socioeconomic status, education, health beliefs, family/relationship, and gender role expectations. The majority of this literature review was women and most of which had less than 8 years of education, with the average income of less than $10,000 annually (Lemon, Rosal, Welch, 2011). Both of these factors which contribute to the risk of prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Several factors including language, literacy, and culture and values all are important in addressing the risk factors in low-income Spanish speaking individuals’ quality of life and risk of chronic disease. Similarly Lee et al., (2011), noted that risk factors of Diabetes includeShow MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Obesity1703 Words   |  7 Pagesare obese. There are many health problems associated with obesity, which are preventable. America has state and local programs to prevent obesity, which Centers for Disease control and Prevention funds in all 50 states. Obesity is considered one of the highest killers since the 1980’s, with fast food shops on the rise and the healthy prices going up it’s hard to control how we eat. Obesity is a condition that involves one to have excessive body fat, which cause a greater change of health problemsRead MoreShould Junk Food Be Taxed More?1738 Words   |  7 PagesShould Junk Food be taxed more to discourage consumption? 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